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| In the midst of the U.S. commerce secretary’s good will tour to China last week, Huawei, the telecom giant that faces stiff U.S. trade restrictions, unveiled a smartphone that illustrated just how hard it has been for the United States to clamp down on China’s tech prowess. |
| 上周，美国商务部长为释放善意访问中国，期间，面临美国严格贸易限制的电信巨头华为发布了一款智能手机，显示出美国遏制中国科技实力的难度。 |
| The new phone is powered by a chip that appears to be the most advanced version of China’s homegrown technology to date — a kind of achievement that the United States has been trying to prevent China from reaching. |
| 这款新手机搭载的芯片似乎是迄今为止中国本土技术的最先进版本——美国一直试图阻止中国取得这样的成就。 |
| The timing of its release may not have been a coincidence. The Commerce Department has been leading U.S. efforts to curb Beijing’s ability to gain access to advanced chips, and the commerce secretary, Gina M. Raimondo, spent much of her trip defending the U.S. crackdown to Chinese officials, who pressed her to water down some of the rules. |
| 它发布的时机可能不是巧合。美国遏制北京获取先进芯片能力的工作一直是由商务部主导的，雷蒙多此行相当一部分时间在向中国官员解释美国打压行动的理由，而官员们则敦促她放宽一些限制规则。 |
| Ms. Raimondo’s powerful role — as well as China’s antipathy toward the U.S. curbs — was reflected online, where more than a dozen vendors cropped up on Chinese e-commerce sites to sell phone cases for the new model with Ms. Raimondo’s face imprinted on the back. Doctored images showed Ms. Raimondo holding the new phone, next to phrases like “I am Raimondo, this time I endorse Huawei” and “Huawei mobile phone ambassador Raimondo.” |
| 雷蒙多手握大权的形象以及中国对美国限制措施的反感在网上得到了体现，中国电子商务网站上出现了十多家供应商出售背后印有雷蒙多头像的新款手机外壳。经过处理的图片显示，雷蒙多拿着新手机，旁边写着“我是雷蒙多，这次我为华为代言”和“华为手机大使雷蒙多”。 |
| Chinese media have referred to the phone as a sign of the country’s technological independence, but U.S. analysts said the achievement still most likely hinged on the use of American technology and machinery, which would have been in violation of U.S. trade restrictions. |
| 中国媒体将这款手机称为中国技术独立的标志，但美国分析人士表示，这一成就很可能仍取决于美国技术和机械的使用，这将违反美国的贸易限制。 |
| Beginning in the Trump administration and continuing under President Biden, the United States has steadily ramped up its restrictions on selling advanced chips and the machinery needed to make them to China, and to Huawei in particular, in an attempt to shut down China’s mastery of technologies that could aid its military. |
| 从特朗普政府开始，在拜登总统任内，美国一直在稳步加大对向中国——尤其是华为——出售先进芯片和制造芯片所需机器的限制，试图阻止中国掌握可能有助于其军事的技术。 |
| For the past several years, those restrictions have curtailed Huawei’s ability to produce 5G phones. But Huawei appears to have found a way around those restrictions to make an advanced phone, at least in limited quantities. Though detailed information about the phone is limited, Huawei’s jade-green Mate 60 Pro appears to have many of the same basic capabilities as other smartphones on the market. |
| 过去几年，这些限制削弱了华为生产5G手机的能力。但华为似乎找到了绕过这些限制的方法，制造出了一款先进的手机，至少能进行限量生产。尽管有关这款手机的详细信息有限，但华为这款玉绿色的Mate 60 Pro似乎拥有许多与市场上其他智能手机相同的基本功能。 |
| An examination of the phone by TechInsights, a Canadian firm that analyzes the semiconductor industry, concluded that the advanced chip inside was manufactured by Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation of China and was operating beyond the technology limits that the United States has been trying to enforce. |
| 分析半导体行业的加拿大公司TechInsights对这款手机进行了检查，得出的结论是，手机内部的先进芯片是由中国的中芯国际制造的，其操作超出了美国一直试图实施的技术限制。 |
| Douglas Fuller, an associate professor at Copenhagen Business School, said SMIC appeared to have used equipment stockpiled before restrictions went into effect, equipment licensed to it for the purpose of producing chips for companies other than Huawei, and spare parts acquired through third-party vendors to cobble together its production. |
| 哥本哈根商学院副教授道格拉斯·富勒表示，中芯国际似乎使用了限制措施生效前储存的设备、为华为以外的公司生产芯片而授权给它的设备，以及通过第三方供应商购买的备件，来拼凑自己的产品。 |
| “The official line in China of a heroic breaking of the technology blockade of the American imperialists is incorrect,” Mr. Fuller said. “Instead, the U.S. has allowed SMIC continued significant access to American technology.” |
| “中国官方所称的英勇冲破美帝国主义的技术封锁是不正确的，”富勒说。“相反，美国允许中芯国际继续大量获得美国技术。” |
| Huawei and SMIC did not respond to a request for comment. The Commerce Department also did not respond to a request for comment. |
| 华为和中芯国际均未回应置评请求。美国商务部也没有回应置评请求。 |
| Chinese social media commentators and news sites celebrated the smartphone’s release as evidence that U.S. restrictions could not hold China back from developing its own technology. |
| 中国社交媒体的评论人士和新闻网站对这款智能手机的发布表示欢迎，认为这证明美国的限制无法阻止中国开发自己的技术。 |
| “Regardless of Huawei’s intentions, the launch of the Mate 60 Pro has been imbued by many Chinese netizens with a deeper meaning of ‘rising up under US pressure,’” the state-run Global Times said in an editorial. |
| “无论华为方面出于何种考虑，Mate 60 Pro的发布都被很多中国网友赋予了‘在美国打压之下昂起头来’的更深层次含义，”官方报纸《环球时报》在社论中说。 |
| The phone was released during a week when both American and Chinese officials had issued numerous statements about renewed cooperation and communication. Chinese officials had asked for the United States to roll back its restrictions on chip exports. But Ms. Raimondo — whose email, along with other U.S. officials, was targeted this year by Chinese hackers — told reporters that she had taken a hard line on the technology controls in her meetings, saying the United States was not willing to remove restrictions or compromise on issues of national security. |
| 这款手机发布的一周内，美国和中国官员都发表了许多关于恢复合作与沟通的声明。中国官员要求美国取消对芯片出口的限制。但雷蒙多告诉记者，她在会议上对技术控制采取了强硬立场，称美国不愿意在国家安全问题上取消限制或进行妥协。雷蒙多和其他美国官员的电子邮件今年都遭到了中国黑客的攻击。 |
| During the trip, Ms. Raimondo and her advisers set up a dialogue to share information about how the United States was enforcing its technology controls. She said the step would lead to better Chinese compliance but was not an invitation to the Chinese to try to water down export controls. |
| 在访问期间，雷蒙多和她的顾问们建立了对话机制，分享有关美国如何实施技术控制的信息。她表示，此举将促使中国更好地遵守协议，并不是在向希望放宽限制的中国人示好。 |
| Ms. Raimondo also met directly with the Chinese premier, Li Qiang, during her visit. The week before, Mr. Li had visited Huawei during a visit to southern China, according to the official Xinhua News Agency, and met with the company founder Ren Zhengfei. |
| 雷蒙多在访问期间还面见了中国总理李强。据官方的新华社报道，一周前，李强在访问中国南方期间访问了华为，并会见了公司创始人任正非。 |
| The release of the Huawei phone raises questions about whether Ms. Raimondo’s department will continue trying to build good will with Chinese officials — or potentially take a more aggressive stance toward cracking down on China’s access to American technology. |
| 华为手机的发布引发了人们的疑问，即雷蒙多的部门是会继续努力与中国官员建立良好的关系，还是有可能采取更强硬的立场打击中国获取美国技术的行为。 |
| The Biden administration is preparing to issue a final version of the technology restrictions it first put out last October, and the revised rules could come within weeks. |
| 拜登政府正准备发布去年10月首次发布的技术限制措施的最终版本，修订后的规则可能在几周内出台。 |
| Huawei’s development of the phone does not necessarily demonstrate a huge leap forward for Chinese technological prowess — or the total failure of U.S. export controls, analysts said. |
| 分析人士说，华为开发这款手机并不一定表明中国技术实力的巨大飞跃，也不一定表明美国出口管制的彻底失败。 |
| Because Chinese firms no longer have access to the most cutting-edge machines for making semiconductors, they have developed novel workarounds that use older machinery to create more powerful chips. But these methods are both relatively time-consuming for manufacturers, and produce a higher proportion of faulty chips, limiting the scale of production. |
| 由于中国企业不再有机会获得制造半导体的最先进机器，他们开发了新的变通办法，使用旧机器制造更强大的芯片。但这些方法对于制造商来说既相对耗时，又会产生较高比例的缺陷芯片，限制了生产规模。 |
| “This does not mean China can manufacture advanced semiconductors at scale,” said Paul Triolo, an associate partner for China and technology policy at Albright Stonebridge Group, a consultancy. “But it shows what incentives U.S. controls have created for Chinese firms to collaborate and attempt new ways to innovate with their existing capabilities.” |
| “这并不意味着中国可以大规模生产先进的半导体，”咨询公司欧布莱特石桥集团负责中国和技术政策的副合伙人保罗·特里奥罗说。“但它表明，美国的管制措施激励中国企业开展合作，并尝试以新的方式利用现有能力进行创新。” |
| “It is the first major salvo in what will be a decade or more struggle for China’s semiconductor industry to essentially reinvent parts of the global semiconductor supply chain without U.S. technology included,” he added. |
| 他还说：“这是中国半导体产业在未来10年或更长的时间里，在没有美国技术的情况下，从根本上重塑全球半导体供应链的第一炮。” |
| Nazak Nikakhtar, a partner at Wiley Rein and a former Commerce Department official, said Huawei’s progress was “a result of longstanding U.S. policy” — specifically U.S. licenses that allow companies to continue selling advanced technologies to firms that the Commerce Department placed on a so-called entity list, like Huawei and SMIC. |
| 威利赖恩律师事务所的合伙人、前商务部官员纳扎克·尼卡哈塔说，华为的进步是“美国长期政策的结果”——特别是美国的许可证允许公司继续向华为和中芯国际等被商务部列入所谓实体名单的公司出售先进技术。 |
| From Jan. 3 to March 31, 2022, the Commerce Department approved licenses for the sale of $23 billion of tech products to companies on the entity list, according to information released in February by the House Foreign Affairs Committee. |
| 根据众议院外交事务委员会今年2月发布的信息，从2022年1月3日至3月31日，商务部批准了向实体名单上的公司出售230亿美元科技产品。 |
| “Where gaps exist in licensing policies, exports will get funneled through the gaps,” Ms. Nikakhtar said. “The U.S. government needs to close the gaps if its intention is to limit exports of critical technologies to China.” |
| “如果许可政策存在漏洞，出口就会从中漏出，”尼卡哈塔说。“如果美国政府打算限制向中国出口关键技术，就需要弥补这些漏洞。” |
| In a statement on Wednesday, Representative Mike Gallagher, a Wisconsin Republican who heads a congressional committee on China, called for ending all U.S. technology exports to both Huawei and SMIC. U.S. chip makers such as Qualcomm and Intel have received exporting licenses. |
| 威斯康星州共和党众议员、国会一个中国问题委员会的负责人迈克·加拉格尔周三在一份声明中呼吁，美国应停止对华为和中芯国际的所有技术出口。高通和英特尔等美国芯片制造商此前获得过出口许可。 |
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