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| Global supply chains for solar panels have begun shifting away from a heavy reliance on China, in part because of a recent ban on products from Xinjiang, a region where the U.S. government and United Nations accuse the Chinese government of committing human rights violations. |
| 全球太阳能电池板供应链对中国的严重依赖已经开始转移，部份是因为来自新疆的产品最近被禁止，美国政府和联合国指责中国政府在该地区侵犯人权。 |
| But a new report by experts in human rights and the solar industry found that the vast majority of solar panels made globally continue to have significant exposure to China and Xinjiang. |
| 但人权专家和太阳能行业专家的一份新报告发现，全球生产的绝大多数太阳能电池板仍然与中国和新疆有大量关联。 |
| The report, released Tuesday, also faulted the solar industry for becoming less transparent about the origin of its products. That has made it more difficult for buyers to determine whether solar panels purchased to power homes and electricity grids were made without forced labor. |
| 周二发布的报告还指责太阳能行业产品来源的透明度降低。这使得买家在购买家用和电网供电的太阳能电池板时，更难确定这些产品是否是在没有强迫劳动的情况下制造的。 |
| The analysis was done by Alan Crawford, a solar industry analyst, and Laura T. Murphy, a professor of human rights and contemporary slavery at Sheffield Hallam University in England, along with researchers who chose to remain anonymous for fear of retribution from the Chinese government. The London-based Modern Slavery and Human Rights Policy and Evidence Center provided funding. |
| 这项分析的作者是太阳能行业分析师艾伦·克劳福德、英国谢菲尔德哈勒姆大学人权和当代奴隶制教授劳拉·T·墨菲以及因担心遭到中国政府报复而选择匿名的研究人员。总部位于伦敦的现代奴隶制和人权政策与证据中心为该研究提供资金。 |
| The solar industry has come under stiff criticism in recent years for its ties to Xinjiang, which is a key provider of polysilicon, the material from which solar panels are made. The region produces roughly a third of both the world’s polysilicon and its metallurgical-grade silicon, the material from which polysilicon is made. |
| 近年来，太阳能行业因其与新疆的关系而受到严厉批评，新疆是太阳能电池板制造材料多晶硅的主要供应地。该地区生产世界上大约三分之一的多晶硅和冶金级硅，后者是制造多晶硅的原料。 |
| As a result, many firms have promised to scrutinize their supply chains, and several have set up factories in the United States or Southeast Asia to supply Western markets. |
| 因此，许多公司承诺审查自己的供应链，其中一些公司为供应西方市场已在美国或东南亚设立工厂。 |
| The Solar Energy Industries Association, the industry’s biggest trade association, has been calling on companies to shift their supply chains and cut ties with Xinjiang. More than 340 companies have signed a pledge to keep their supply chains free of forced labor. |
| 该领域最大的行业协会太阳能产业协会一直呼吁企业转移供应链并切断与新疆的联系。超过340家公司签署承诺，保证其供应链不存在强迫劳动。 |
| But the report found that major global companies remain likely to have extensive exposure to Xinjiang, and potentially to forced labor, calling into question the progress. The report rated the world’s five biggest solar manufacturers — all with headquarters in China — as having “high” or “very high” potential exposure to Xinjiang. |
| 但报告发现，全球主要公司的供应链似乎仍然包含大量新疆业务，并可能存在潜在强迫劳动，使承诺的进程受到质疑。该报告将全球五家最大太阳能制造商评为在新疆拥有“高”或“非常高”的潜在关联，这些制造商的总部均位于中国。 |
| Some Chinese companies, like LONGi Solar and JA Solar, have clear ties to suppliers operating in Xinjiang, the report said. But even within “clean” supply chains set up to serve the United States or Europe, many companies still appear to be getting raw materials from suppliers that have exposure to Xinjiang, Ms. Murphy said. |
| 报告称，隆基乐叶和晶澳太阳能等一些中国公司与在新疆运营的供应商有着明确的联系。但墨菲表示，即使在面向美国或欧洲服务的“清白”供应链内，许多公司似乎仍然从与新疆有关联的供应商那里获取原材料。 |
| In many cases, according to the information they issue publicly, companies aren’t buying enough materials from outside Xinjiang to meet their production goals, indicating that they may be using undisclosed suppliers. In other cases, companies sent Ms. Murphy information about their supply chains that was directly contradictory. |
| 在许多情况下，根据这些公司公开发布的信息，它们从新疆以外购买的材料不足以满足生产目标，这表明他们的一些供应商可能未被公开。在其他情况下，这些公司向墨菲发送的有关其供应链的信息是直接矛盾的。 |
| “At every stage, there’s missing information,” she said. |
| “每个阶段都存在信息缺失，”她说。 |
| China’s dominance over the solar industry has presented a challenge for the United States and other countries, which are rushing to deploy solar panels to mitigate the impact of climate change. China controls at least 80 percent of global manufacturing for each stage of the supply chain. |
| 中国在太阳能行业的主导地位给美国和其他国家带来了挑战，这些国家正急于部署太阳能电池板以减轻气候变化的影响。在供应链的每个阶段，中国都控制着全球至少80%的太阳能电池板制造业。 |
| The Chinese government denies the presence of forced labor in the work programs it runs in Xinjiang, which transfer groups of locals to mines and factories. But human rights experts say those who refuse such programs can face detention or other punishments. A U.S. law that went into effect in June last year, the Uyghur Force Labor Prevention Act, assumes that any product with materials from Xinjiang is made with forced labor until proved otherwise. |
| 中国政府否认其在新疆实施的就业项目中存在强迫劳动，该项目将当地人转移到矿山和工厂。人权专家表示，那些拒绝参与此类项目的人可能会面临拘留或其他惩罚。去年6月生效的美国法律《维吾尔强迫劳动预防法》规定，除非另有证明，任何使用新疆材料制成的产品都是通过强迫劳动制造的。 |
| Since then, U.S. customs officials have detained $1.64 billion of imported products, including an unspecified volume of solar panels, to check them for compliance. Solar companies say the detentions have caused widespread delays in solar installations in the United States, putting the country’s energy transition at risk. |
| 此后，美国海关官员扣留了价值16.4亿美元的进口产品，其中包括数量不详的太阳能电池板，以检查其是否合规。太阳能公司表示，扣留产品导致美国太阳能安装普遍延误，使该国的能源转型面临风险。 |
| As solar projects continue to ramp up for the energy transition, the concern is that materials and equipment with ties to forced labor could grow. |
| 随着的太阳能项目在能源转型的需求下不断增加，人们担心会有越来越多的原料和设备与强迫劳动有关。 |
| Over the next decade or so, the solar industry projects it will regularly install double the amount it has in past years, with annual growth expected to average 11 percent. In the near term, the manufacturing capacity in the United States is sufficient to meet less than a third of national demand, according to Wood McKenzie, an energy research and consulting firm. |
| 在未来10年左右的时间里，太阳能行业预测其安装量将是过去几年的两倍，年均增长率预计为11%。能源研究和咨询公司伍德麦肯兹表示，短期内，美国的制造能力可以满足不到三分之一的全国需求。 |
| In June, Walk Free, an international human rights group, released a report estimating that 50 million people globally lived under forced labor conditions in 2021, an increase of 10 million from 2016. |
| 6月，国际人权组织“自由行走”发布报告估计，2021年全球有5000万人生活在强迫劳动条件下，比2016年增加1000万人。 |
| The organization attributed part of that growth to the much-needed but rapid increase in renewable energy to address climate change. The organization said it supported the energy transition but wanted to stop forced labor as a source of products. |
| 该组织将人数上升部份归因于为应对气候变化而急需又快速增长的可再生能源。该组织表示支持能源转型，但希望停止使用强迫劳动制造产品。 |
| “Find it, fix it and prevent it,” said Grace Forrest, founding director of Walk Free. |
| “找到、修复并预防，”自由行走的创始人格蕾丝·福雷斯特说。 |
| One example in the new report is JinkoSolar, a Chinese-owned company that has done some of the most extensive work to establish a supply chain outside China, including factories in Vietnam, Malaysia and the United States. But the report found that the company’s apparent use of unidentified raw materials from China kept its potential exposure to Xinjiang high. |
| 新报告中的一个例子是晶科能源，这是一家中资公司，该公司为建立中国境外的供应链做了大量努力，包括在越南、马来西亚和美国建立工厂。但报告发现，该公司明显使用了来自中国的来源不明的原材料，使其与新疆有潜在关联的可能性较高。 |
| In May, Homeland Security Investigations, an arm of the Department of Homeland Security, raided JinkoSolar’s factory in Jacksonville, Fla., and an office in San Francisco. The inquiry appears to be linked to multiple concerns, among them that JinkoSolar misrepresented the source of some imports containing materials from Xinjiang and incorrectly classified products, resulting in an incorrect duty rate, a person with knowledge of the investigation said. |
| 今年5月，国土安全部下属的国土安全调查局突袭了晶科能源位于佛罗里达州杰克逊维尔的工厂和旧金山的一间办公室。一位了解调查情况的人士表示，此次调查似乎与多个关切事项有关，其中包括晶科能源谎报了一些含有新疆材料的进口产品的来源以及对产品做出错误的分类，导致关税税率不正确。 |
| A spokesperson for Homeland Security Investigations declined to comment, citing a continuing investigation. |
| 国土安全调查局发言人拒绝置评，称调查仍在继续。 |
| JinkoSolar said in a statement that, based on the information available to the company, any speculation that the investigation was tied to forced labor was “unfounded,” and that it had a longstanding commitment to transparency and compliance with U.S. law. |
| 晶科能源在一份声明中表示，根据该公司掌握的信息，任何有关调查与强迫劳动有关的猜测都是“毫无根据的”，该公司长期以来一直致力于提高透明度和遵守美国法律。 |
| The company has also called claims that it had high exposure to Xinjiang “baseless.” It said that it was confident in its supply chain traceability, that products for the U.S. market were made only with U.S. and German polysilicon and that U.S. customs officials have reviewed and released JinkoSolar products. |
| 该公司还称其在新疆有较高关联的说法“毫无根据”。该公司表示，对其供应链的可追溯性充满信心，销往美国市场的产品仅采用美国和德国的多晶硅制造，美国海关官员已经审查并放行了晶科能源的产品。 |
| The new report also raised questions about the supply chain for Hanwha Qcells, a South Korean company that has become one of the largest producers of solar panels made in the United States. In January, Qcells announced a $2.5 billion expansion of its Georgia operations that would make it the sole company producing all of its components — ingots, wafers, cells and finished panels — in the United States. |
| 新报告还对韩国公司韩华Qcells的供应链提出了质疑，该公司已成为美国最大的太阳能电池板生产商之一。1月，Qcells宣布斥资25亿美元扩建其佐治亚州业务，这将使其成为唯一一家在美国生产所有组件——硅锭、硅片、电池和成品面板——的公司。 |
| Despite Qcells’ growing U.S. presence, the report concluded that the company’s potential exposure to Xinjiang was very high, since the company uses undisclosed suppliers in China for the vast majority of its products. |
| 尽管Qcells在美国的业务不断增长，但报告得出的结论是，该公司与新疆的潜在关联极高，因为该公司绝大多数产品的原料和设备都来自未公开的中国供应商。 |
| The report also said a Chinese company, Meike Solar Technology, which gets raw material from Xinjiang, reported Qcells as one of its largest customers in the first half of 2022, though Qcells said it had cut off the supplier relationship in 2021. |
| 该报告还称，在2022年上半年，原材料来自新疆的中国公司美科股份称，韩华是其最大的客户之一，尽管后者表示，它已在2021年切断了与美科股份的供应关系。 |
| “Qcells has adopted a code of conduct that prohibits forced labor made products in our supply chain, and we terminate agreements if suppliers fail to comply,” the company said in a statement. As part of its strategy to guard against products from forced labor, Qcells said, it uses maps to trace product origins and verification audits to ensure its suppliers follow its code of conduct. The company said none of its North America products had been detained by customs officials. |
| 该公司在一份声明中表示：“韩华已经采用了一套行为准则，禁止在我们的供应链中使用强迫劳动制造的产品，如果供应商不遵守，我们将终止协议。” “韩华表示，作为防止强迫劳动产品战略的一部分，该公司使用地图追踪产品来源，并进行验证审核，以确保供应商遵守它的行为准则。该公司表示，其北美产品均未被海关扣留。 |
| In a statement to the researchers, LONGi said that it always complied with the applicable laws and ethics in jurisdictions where it operated, and that polysilicon from Xinjiang was used in modules that were sold in China. |
| 隆基绿能在给研究人员的一份声明中表示，它始终遵守其经营所在地的法律和道德规范，来自新疆的多晶硅用于在中国销售的组件。 |
| JA Solar did not respond to a request for comment from the researchers or from The New York Times. Both LONGi and JA Solar have been planning to set up factories in the United States. |
| 晶澳太阳能没有回应研究人员或《纽约时报》的置评请求。隆基绿能和晶澳太阳能都计划在美国设厂。 |
| Tax credits and other incentives for clean energy offered under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 have been unleashing new investments in the United States. On Friday, First Solar, a U.S.-based manufacturer, announced plans to invest up to $1.1 billion for a new U.S. factory at a location yet to be determined. |
| 《2022年通胀削减法案》为清洁能源提供的税收抵免和其他激励措施，一直在美国释放新投资。上周五，总部位于美国的第一太阳能公司宣布，计划投资11亿美元在美国新建一家工厂，具体地点尚未确定。 |
| But Michael Carr, executive director of Solar Energy Manufacturers for America, which represents U.S.-based solar manufacturers, said the United States had fallen so far behind China in solar manufacturing that an enormous amount of work, capital and technical knowledge would be needed to catch up. |
| 但代表美国太阳能制造商的美国太阳能制造商协会执行董事迈克尔·卡尔表示，美国在太阳能制造方面远远落后于中国，要想赶上，需要做大量工作，以及大量的资金和技术知识。 |
| “It’s hard to have certainty — and some might say impossible to know — the sourcing of the polysilicon until you have a domestic supply of wafers and an alternative to China,” Mr. Carr said. |
| “在国内有硅片供应，找到中国的替代品之前，很难确定——有些人可能会说不可能知道——多晶硅的来源。”卡尔说。 |
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