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| In a wood-paneled office overlooking Taipei and the jungle-covered mountains that surround the Taiwanese capital, Morris Chang recently pulled out an old book stamped with technicolor patterns. |
| 不久前的一天，在一间俯瞰台北和周围群山的木饰面办公室里，张忠谋抽出了一本印着彩色图案的书。 |
| It was titled “Introduction to VLSI Systems,” a graduate-level textbook describing the intricacies of computer chip design. Mr. Chang, 92, held it up with reverence. |
| 书名叫《超大规模集成电路系统导论》，这是一本研究生教材，介绍了错综复杂的计算机芯片设计。92岁的张忠谋虔诚地将它举起。 |
| “I want to show you the date of this book, 1980,” he said. The timing was important, he added, as it was “the earliest piece” in a puzzle that came together for him — altering not only his career but also the course of the global electronics industry. |
| “我想让你看看这本书的出版日期，1980年，”他说。这个时间点很重要，他补充道，因为这是他的事业拼图中“最早的一块”——不仅改变了他的职业生涯，也改变了全球电子行业的进程。 |
| The insight that Mr. Chang gained from the textbook was deceptively simple: the idea that microchips, which act as the brains of computers, could be designed in one place but manufactured somewhere else. The notion went against the semiconductor industry’s standard practice at the time. |
| 张忠谋从这本教材中获得的见解看起来并不复杂：微芯片作为计算机的大脑，可以在一个地方设计，但在其他地方制造。这个想法与当时半导体行业的标准做法背道而驰。 |
| So at the age of 54, when many people begin thinking more about retirement, Mr. Chang instead put himself on a path to turn his insight into a reality. The engineer left his adopted country, the United States, and moved to Taiwan where he founded Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, or TSMC. The company does not design chips, but it has become the world’s biggest manufacturer of cutting-edge microprocessors for customers including Apple and Nvidia. |
| 因此，在54岁的时候，对许多人来说可能正在更多地盘算着退休的年龄，张忠谋却走上了将自己的见解变成现实的道路。这位工程师离开他移居的美国，搬到了台湾，并在那里创立了台积电。该公司并不设计芯片，但已成为全球最大的尖端微处理器制造商，苹果和英伟达都是它的客户。 |
| Today, the company that partially exists because of a textbook is a $500 billion juggernaut that has put the most advanced chips in iPhones, cars, supercomputers and fighter jets. So critical are its airplane-hangar-size chip factories, called fabs, that the United States, Japan and Europe have courted TSMC to build them in their neck of the woods. Over the past decade, China has also invested hundreds of billions of dollars to recreate what TSMC has done. |
| 如今，这家一定程度上发轫于一本教材的企业已经成为了市值5000亿美元的企业巨头，为iPhone、汽车、超级计算机和战斗机提供最先进的芯片。其飞机库大小的芯片工厂（称为晶圆厂）是如此重要，以至于美国、日本和欧洲纷纷向台积电示好，希望该公司能前往设厂。在过去的十年里，中国也投入了数千亿美元，希望复制台积电的成功。 |
| Mr. Chang’s unlikely entrepreneurial journey helped Taiwan become an economic giant, restructured the way the electronics industry worked and ultimately charted a new geopolitical reality in which a linchpin of global economic growth lies in one of the world’s most volatile spots. |
| 张忠谋不可思议的创业之旅助台湾成为了经济巨人，重组了电子行业的运作方式，并最终描绘出一个新的地缘政治现实：全球经济增长的关键位于世界上最不稳定的地区之一。 |
| That has thrust Mr. Chang, and the company he created, into the spotlight. And at the twilight of his career, a man who has preferred to remain in the shadows reflected on what he has built and what it means to no longer be able to stay under the radar. |
| 这把张忠谋和他创建的公司推到了聚光灯下。在职业生涯的黄昏阶段，一个喜欢避开聚光灯的人反思了他所建立的一切，以及不能再保持低调后会有什么问题。 |
| “It doesn’t make me feel particularly good,” said Mr. Chang, who retired in 2018 but still appears at TSMC events. “I would rather stay relatively unknown.” |
| “这让我感觉不是太好，”已于2018年退休、但仍然会出席台积电活动的张忠谋说。“我宁愿保持相对默默无闻的状态。” |
| Over a recent three-hour discussion in his office, Mr. Chang made it clear that he identifies as American — he obtained his U.S. citizenship in 1962 — at a time when the company he founded is at the center of a technological Cold War between the United States and China. Even as the rivalry for tech leadership intensifies, he does not give China much of a chance for semiconductor supremacy. |
| 最近在他的办公室里进行的一次三小时的谈话中，张忠谋明确表示自己是美国人——他在1962年获得了美国公民身份，而此时，他创立的企业正处于中美科技冷战的中心。尽管围绕科技领先地位的竞争在加剧，他仍不看好中国有机会获得半导体霸主地位。 |
| “We control all the choke points,” Mr. Chang said, referring collectively to the United States and its chip-making allies such as the Netherlands, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. “China can’t really do anything if we want to choke them.” |
| “我们控制了所有的要道，”张忠谋说，他指的是美国及其芯片制造盟友，如荷兰、日本、韩国和台湾。“如果我们想要扼住其喉咙，中国真的无能为力。” |
| More than a dozen people familiar with Mr. Chang, many of whom knew him as a colleague at TSMC, said he built the company — and outmaneuvered giants like Samsung and Intel — by being meticulous, stubborn, trusting his best people and, crucially, having boundless ambition and making daring moves when justified. When TSMC stumbled after the 2008 financial crisis, he returned as chief executive at age 77 to take over again. |
| 包括许多台积电的同事在内的十几位熟悉张忠谋的人表示，他创办这家公司，并在谋略上胜过三星和英特尔等巨头，靠的是一丝不苟和固执的态度，信任他最优秀的员工，最重要的是，他怀着无限的雄心，必要时会采取大胆的行动。2008年金融危机后，台积电陷入困境，他在77岁时重新出任首席执行官，再次接管公司。 |
| “He’s probably the only person left in the chip industry who was present at the creation of the industry itself,” said Chris Miller, the author of the book “Chip War” and an associate professor of international history at the Fletcher School at Tufts University. “That he’s not only still in the industry but at the center and top of it is extraordinary.” |
| “他可能是芯片行业中仅存的一位参与了这个行业的创建的人，”《芯片战争》一书的作者、塔夫茨大学弗莱彻学院国际历史副教授克里斯·米勒表示。“他不仅仍然留在这个行业，而且处于这个行业的中心和顶端，这是非常了不起的。” |
| To understand the tech industry’s future, it is crucial to understand the world through Mr. Chang’s eyes and how he made that initial bet when others didn’t. And unlike today’s tech moguls — such as Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg, who have publicly considered a cage fight — Mr. Chang has shown more restraint. If competition between the global tech giants is a series of high-stakes poker games, he is the quiet man who runs the casino. |
| 要了解科技行业的未来，至关重要的是通过张忠谋的视角了解世界，以及他如何在其他人驻足不前时押下了最初的赌注。与公开考虑进行一场笼中格斗的当今科技大亨埃隆·马斯克和马克·扎克伯格不同的是，张忠谋表现得更含蓄。如果说全球科技巨头之间的竞争是一系列扑克豪赌，那么他就是一声不吭在经营赌场的那个人。 |
| Almost an automaker |
| 差一点加入了汽车行业 |
| Mr. Chang was born in 1931 in a China on the brink of war. Before the age of 18, he lived in six cities, changed schools 10 times, experienced bombings in Guangzhou and Chongqing, and crossed the front lines as his family fled Japanese-occupied Shanghai during World War II. |
| 张忠谋1931年出生于即将爆发战争的中国。18岁之前，他曾在六个城市生活过，转校10次，经历过广州和重庆的轰炸，并在“二战”期间随家人穿越前线逃离日占上海。 |
| When he made it to Hong Kong in 1948 with his family, who by then were trying to get away from the Chinese Communist Party’s advancing army, there was no going back. |
| 1948年，他与家人来到香港，当时他们正试图逃离中国共产党的军队，这是一条不归路。 |
| “My old world crumbled as the mainland changed its color, and a new world was yet to be established,” he wrote in his autobiography, which was published in 1998. |
| “我的旧世界随大陆易色而破灭，新世界正待建立，”他在1998年出版的自传中写道。 |
| In 1949, Mr. Chang moved to the United States, attending Harvard before transferring to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study mechanical engineering. In 1955, when he twice failed a qualifying exam for a doctoral degree at M.I.T., he decided to test out the job market. |
| 1949年，张忠谋移居美国，就读于哈佛大学，然后转学到麻省理工学院学习机械工程。1955年，他两次未能通过麻省理工学院的博士学位资格考试，决定尝试进入就业市场。 |
| “Many years later, I considered failing to be admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Ph.D. program as the greatest stroke of luck in my life!” he wrote in his autobiography. |
| “许多年后，我把在麻省理工博士落第视为我一生的最大幸运！”他在自传中写道。 |
| Two of the best offers arrived from Ford Motor Company and Sylvania, a lesser-known electronics firm. Ford offered Mr. Chang $479 a month for a job at its research and development center in Detroit. Though charmed by the company’s recruiters, Mr. Chang was surprised to find the offer was $1 less than the $480 a month that Sylvania offered. |
| 其中两个最好的工作机会分别来自福特汽车公司和相对不太知名的电子公司希凡尼亚。福特以每月479美元的报酬请他在底特律的研发中心工作。尽管被该公司的招聘人员所吸引，张忠谋还是惊讶地发现这个报价比希凡尼亚每月480美元的报酬低了一美元。 |
| When he called Ford to ask for a matching offer, the recruiter, who had previously been kind, turned hostile and told him he would not get a cent more. Mr. Chang took the engineering job with Sylvania. There, he learned about transistors, the microchip’s most basic component. |
| 他打电话给福特要求提高工资，原本友善的招聘人员变得充满敌意，并告诉他不会再多得到一分钱。张忠谋接受了希凡尼亚的工程师工作。在那里，他了解了晶体管，也就是最基本的微芯片元件。 |
| “That was the start of my semiconductor career,” he said. “In retrospect, it was a damn good thing.” |
| “那是我半导体职业生涯的开始，”他说。“现在回想起来，这是件大好事。” |
| Three years at Sylvania opened doors and cemented Mr. Chang’s passion for semiconductors. But Sylvania struggled, teaching him a lesson that would inform how he later ran TSMC. |
| 在希凡尼亚的三年时间为张忠谋打开了大门，并巩固了他对半导体的热情。而希凡尼亚的困境给他上了一课，教会他在后来如何管理台积电。 |
| “From the beginning, the semiconductor industry has been a fast-paced and unforgiving industry,” Mr. Chang wrote of Sylvania’s eventual collapse in his autobiography. “Once you fall behind, catching up becomes considerably difficult.” |
| “半导体业自始就是一个脚步快而又无情的行业，”张忠谋在自传中谈到希凡尼亚最终的崩溃时写道。“一旦落后，再赶上就很困难。 ” |
| In 1958, he jumped to a buzzy new semiconductor company, Texas Instruments. The Dallas company was “youthful and energetic,” with many employees working over 50 hours a week and sleeping overnight in the office. Four years later, Mr. Chang became an American, an identity he considers primary. |
| 1958年，他跳槽到一家新兴的半导体公司——得州仪器。这家位于达拉斯的公司“年轻有活力”，许多员工每周工作超过50个小时，晚上在办公室睡觉。四年后，张忠谋成了美国人，他认为这是一个很重要的身份。 |
| “Ever since I fled Communist China and went to the United States and became naturalized in 1962, my identity has always been American, and nothing else,” he said. |
| “自从我逃离共产主义中国，来到美国并于1962年入籍以来，我的身份就一直是美国人，别无其他，”他说。 |
| Mr. Chang became a pillar of Texas Instruments’ then world-beating semiconductor business. Breakthroughs were constant. In the 1970s, the firm produced a chip that could synthesize the human voice, which led to the famed Speak & Spell toy, a hand-held device that helped children with spelling and pronunciation. |
| 张忠谋成为得州仪器当时领先世界的半导体业务的支柱。公司不断取得突破。在20世纪70年代，该公司生产了一种可以合成人声的芯片，从而产生了著名的“说话和拼写”玩具，这是一种帮助儿童拼写和发音的手持设备。 |
| “It’s just like Camelot, but it was not a long period of time,” he said. |
| “这就像卡美洛（传说中亚瑟王的宫廷，指团体发展过程中人才汇聚的黄金时代——译注），但时间不长，”他说。 |
| In the late 1970s, Texas Instruments turned its focus to the burgeoning market for calculators, digital watches and home computers. Mr. Chang, then in charge of the semiconductor side, realized his career there was approaching a “dead end.” |
| 在20世纪70年代末，得州仪器将其重点转向了计算器、电子表和家用电脑等新兴市场。当时负责半导体业务的张忠谋意识到，他的职业生涯正在接近“死胡同”。 |
| It was time for something different. |
| 是时候做些不一样的事情了。 |
| Putting the puzzle pieces together |
| 把拼图拼到一起 |
| If the first puzzle piece that led to TSMC’s creation was the textbook, the second was an experience that Mr. Chang had toward the end of his time at Texas Instruments. |
| 如果说导致台积电成立的第一块拼图是教科书，那么第二块拼图则是张忠谋在得州仪器工作即将结束时的一段经历。 |
| In the early 1980s, Texas Instruments opened a chip factory in Japan. Three months after the production line began churning out chips, the plant’s “yield” was double that of the company’s factories in Texas. Yield is a key statistic that refers to how many usable chips emerge from production. |
| 20世纪80年代初，得州仪器在日本开设了一家芯片工厂。在生产线开始大量生产芯片三个月后，该工厂的“良品率”是该公司在得克萨斯州工厂的两倍。良品率是一个关键的统计数据，指的是生产出多少可用的芯片。 |
| Mr. Chang was dispatched to Japan to solve the yield mystery. The key was the staff, he found, with turnover surprisingly low among well-qualified employees. |
| 张忠谋被派往日本解开这个良品率之谜。他发现，关键在于员工，高素质员工的人员流动率低得惊人。 |
| But try as it might, Texas Instruments could not find the same caliber of technicians in the United States. At one U.S. plant, the top candidate for a supervisor job had a degree in French literature and no engineering background. The future of advanced manufacturing appeared to be in Asia. |
| 但无论如何努力，得州仪器在美国都找不到同样水平的技术人员。在一家美国工厂，主管职位的头号候选人拥有法语文学学位，没有工程背景。先进制造业的未来似乎在亚洲。 |
| In 1984, Mr. Chang joined General Instrument, another chip firm, where a third puzzle piece fell into place. He met an entrepreneur who later started a company that would only design chips without also making them, which was then uncommon. He spotted a trend that would prove to have staying power: Today most semiconductor companies design chips and outsource manufacturing. |
| 1984年，张忠谋加入了另一家芯片公司通用仪器，在那里，第三块拼图浮出水面。他遇到了一位企业家，此人后来创办了一家公司，只设计芯片，不生产芯片，这在当时是不常见的。他发现了一个后来被证明具有持久力的趋势：今天，大多数半导体公司设计芯片，将制造外包。 |
| This final piece coincided with Taiwan’s transition from a labor-intensive and heavy industry economy to a high-tech one. When Taiwanese officials set their sights on developing the semiconductor industry, they asked Mr. Chang, whose reputation as a chip expert was established, to lead an institute for supercharging innovation. |
| 这最后一块拼图恰逢台湾从劳动密集型和重工业经济向高科技经济转型时期。当台湾官员着眼于发展半导体产业时，他们邀请已享有芯片专家声誉的张忠谋领导一家促进创新的研究所。 |
| So in 1985, Mr. Chang, then 54, left the United States for a place he knew only from several visits to a Texas Instruments factory. |
| 因此，1985年，时年54岁的张忠谋离开美国，前往台湾，他对这个地方的了解仅仅得益于对得州仪器工厂的几次考察。 |
| “I certainly had no plan to spend nearly so much time in Taiwan,” he said. “I thought I was going back in maybe just a few years, and I really had no plan to set up TSMC, to set up any company in Taiwan.” |
| “我当然没有计划在台湾呆这么长时间，”他说。“我以为我可能几年后就会回去，我真的没有计划成立台积电，或在台湾成立任何公司。” |
| Within weeks of Mr. Chang’s arrival, Li Kwoh-ting, a government official who became known as the godfather of Taiwan’s tech development, asked him to make the state-led chip project commercially viable. |
| 张忠谋抵达后几周内，被称为台湾科技发展之父的政府官员李国鼎邀请他将国家主导的芯片项目商业化。 |
| When Mr. Chang assessed Taiwan’s strengths and weaknesses, he sensed an opening. “I concluded that Taiwan was a lot more similar to Japan than the U.S.,” he said, referring to his experience with the Texas Instruments’ factory in Japan. |
| 当张忠谋评估台湾的优势和劣势时，他感觉到了一个机会。“我的结论是，与美国比起来，台湾更像日本，”他指的是他在得州仪器日本工厂的经历。 |
| In 1987, Mr. Chang founded TSMC. The business model was clear in his head: TSMC would make chips for other companies and not design them. That meant it just had to win over those inside the industry and then focus on what it could do best — manufacturing. |
| 1987年，张忠谋创立台积电。他的商业模式很清晰：台积电将为其他公司制造芯片，而不设计芯片。这意味着它只需要赢得业内人士的支持，然后专注于自己最擅长的领域——制造。 |
| From the get-go, Mr. Chang had plans for TSMC to tap into a global market. He introduced professional management systems, which were uncommon in Taiwan, at the company. To foster an international environment, internal communications were in English. |
| 张忠谋从一开始就计划让台积电进军全球市场。他在公司引进了当年在台湾鲜见的专业管理体系。为了营造国际化环境，内部沟通均使用英语。 |
| His vision proved prophetic. As semiconductors became more complex and expensive to produce, only a few firms could even afford to try. Making chips involves hundreds of steps that pull on advanced lasers and chemical manipulations to create tiny pathways for electronic signals that do the most basic calculations for a computer. Costs were astronomical. |
| 事实证明了他的远见。随着半导体的生产变得更加复杂和昂贵，只有少数公司有能力尝试。制造芯片涉及数百道工序，这些工序利用先进的激光和化学操作来为电子信号创建微小的路径，从而为计算机进行最基本的计算。成本是天文数字。 |
| Over the years, Mr. Chang kept going as others dropped out. If TSMC could attract enough customers, leveraging economies of scale, it had a chance to take out the kings: Intel and Samsung. |
| 多年来，许多人退出了，而张忠谋一直坚持着。如果台积电能够吸引足够的客户，利用规模经济，它就有机会击败英特尔和三星这两个王者。 |
| In 1997, Mr. Chang recruited a new head of research of development, Chiang Shang-yi. He told Mr. Chiang to benchmark TSMC against the industry leader, Intel. |
| 1997年，张忠谋聘请了新的研发主管蒋尚义。他告诉蒋尚义，台积电要对标行业领导者英特尔。 |
| “Our goal is to be No. 1, barring none,” Mr. Chang said. |
| “我们的目标是成为行业第一，不是之一，”张忠谋说。 |
| Mr. Chiang was surprised. “To be No. 1, you have to spend three times as much as your next competitor,” he replied, implying that being in the lead would be too lofty and costly a goal. |
| 蒋尚义很惊讶。“要成为第一，你的花费必须是你的下一个竞争对手的三倍，”他回答道，暗示取得领先地位将是一个过于远大和昂贵的目标。 |
| “It may be three times, but I do want to spend enough so that we become No. 1,” Mr. Chang said. And he was prepared to be patient, even after stepping down as TSMC’s chief executive in 2005 and staying on as the company’s chairman. |
| “也许是要三倍，但我确实想花足够多的钱，让我们成为第一，”张忠谋说。并且他做好了耐心等待的准备，即使在2005年辞去台积电CEO职务并继续担任公司董事长之后也是如此。 |
| Closing the Apple contract |
| 签订苹果合同 |
| In April 2009, angry TSMC employees — many who had recently been let go by the company — set up a protest camp at a leafy playground in Taipei’s quiet residential neighborhood of Dazhi. They were down the street from Mr. Chang’s upscale apartment building. |
| 2009年4月，愤怒的台积电员工在台北安静的大直住宅区一个绿树成荫的游乐场上建立了一个抗议营地，其中许多人是最近被公司解雇的员工。对面就是张忠谋住的高档公寓楼。 |
| As dark fell, the protesters rolled out sleeping bags next to a slide and jungle gym, covering themselves with a large sign that read “TSMC lies lies lies.” Throughout its more than two-decade history, TSMC had never laid off employees. Yet after the 2008 financial crisis, Mr. Chang’s successor, Rick Tsai, began letting employees go. |
| 天黑后，抗议者在滑梯和攀爬架旁边铺上睡袋，将写着“台积电骗骗骗”的大标语盖在身上。纵观台积电20多年的历史，它从未裁员。然而2008年金融危机后，张忠谋的继任者蔡力行开始裁员。 |
| Mr. Chang, then 77, decided he could no longer stay on the sidelines. He took back his job, rehired the talent Mr. Tsai had let go and more than doubled TSMC’s spending. |
| 当时77岁的张忠谋决定不能再袖手旁观。他重新出任过去的职位，重新聘用了蔡力行裁掉的人才，并将台积电的支出增加了一倍多。 |
| Coming at a tough time for the industry, the move was not appreciated by investors. Elizabeth Sun, TSMC’s former head of investor relations, recalled her reaction to the news: “When I heard it, I felt like banging my head against a wall.” |
| 由于该行业正处于艰难时期，此举并未得到投资者的认可。台积电前投资者关系负责人孙又文回忆起她对这个消息的反应：“当我听到这个消息时，我想用头撞墙。” |
| But the bet paid off. In 2010, Mr. Chang got the call that would turbocharge TSMC’s growth and clinch its lead over Samsung and Intel. Jeff Williams, a senior vice president at Apple, reached out through Mr. Chang’s wife, Sophie Chang, who is a relative of Terry Gou, the founder of Foxconn, Apple’s largest assembler. |
| 但赌注得到了回报。2010年，张忠谋接到了一通电话，这通电话将推动台积电的增长，并巩固其对三星和英特尔的领先地位。苹果公司高级副总裁杰夫·威廉姆斯通过张忠谋的妻子张淑芬与其取得了联系，她是苹果最大组装商富士康创始人郭台铭的亲戚。 |
| The call led to a Sunday dinner with all four of them, which turned into negotiations the next day. Apple had worked with Samsung to produce the microchip it designed for the iPhone, but it was looking for a new partner, partly because Samsung had become a major smartphone competitor. TSMC, which does not compete with its customers, was in pole position for the contract. |
| 这次通话促成他们四人在一个周日共进晚餐，第二天谈判就开始了。苹果曾与三星合作生产为iPhone设计的微芯片，但它正在寻找新的合作伙伴，部分原因是三星已成为智能手机的主要竞争对手。台积电与客户不存在竞争关系，因此在合同中处于有利地位。 |
| The discussions stretched on for months. “It was very complicated — the contract itself,” Mr. Chang said. “It was the first time we ran into this kind of thing.” |
| 讨论持续了几个月。“合同本身非常复杂，”张忠谋说。“我们还是第一次遇到这种事。” |
| At one point, Apple announced a two-month pause in talks. Mr. Chang heard Intel might have intervened. |
| 苹果一度宣布谈判暂停两个月。张忠谋听说英特尔可能介入了。 |
| Worried, Mr. Chang flew to San Francisco to meet Tim Cook, Apple’s chief executive, who reassured him. In a 2013 interview, Paul Otellini, then Intel’s chief executive, said he had turned down the chance to make the chips for the iPhone because Apple would not pay enough. |
| 忧心忡忡的张忠谋飞到旧金山与苹果首席执行官蒂姆·库克会面，后者让他放心。在2013年的采访中，时任英特尔首席执行官保罗·奥特利尼表示，他拒绝了为iPhone生产芯片的机会，因为苹果的出价太低。 |
| Mr. Chang would not make the same mistake. Apple demanded better terms and lower prices than others, but he understood the contract’s scale would help TSMC rocket past competitors. That was a lesson he learned from Bill Bain, who founded the consulting firm Bain & Company, back at Texas Instruments. |
| 张忠谋不会犯同样的错误。苹果要求提供比其他公司更好的条件和更低的价格，但他明白，该合同的规模将帮助台积电超越竞争对手。这是他在得州仪器时从创建贝恩咨询公司的比尔·贝恩那里学到的。 |
| Mr. Bain, then a consultant for Boston Consulting Group, had worked in an office next to Mr. Chang for almost two years. He had analyzed Texas Instruments’ production and sales numbers and argued that the more the company produced, the better it would perform. |
| 贝恩当时是波士顿咨询集团的顾问，他在张忠谋旁边的办公室工作了近两年。他分析了得州仪器的生产和销售数据，认为公司生产得越多，业绩就会越好。 |
| When the deal with Apple was complete, Mr. Chang borrowed $7 billion to build the capacity for making millions of chips for the iPhone. |
| 与苹果的交易完成后，张忠谋借贷了70亿美元，来建设为iPhone生产数以百万计芯片的产能。 |
| In the ensuing years, Apple briefly turned to Samsung for iPhone chip production again, but TSMC became its primary chip maker. Apple is now TSMC’s largest client, accounting for about 20 percent of revenue. |
| 在随后的几年里，苹果曾短暂地再次转向三星生产iPhone芯片，但台积电成了它的主要芯片制造商。苹果现在是台积电最大的客户，约占其营收的20%。 |
| Mr. Chang remains cautious about what he says about TSMC’s customers even now. After beginning a story about Apple at his office, he wondered whether he had said too much. |
| 即便是现在，张忠谋在评论台积电客户时仍然很谨慎。在他的办公室里开始讲述苹果的故事后，他怀疑自己是否说得太多了。 |
| “I don’t think I have exceeded Apple’s limits of what to tell you,” he said. |
| “我想我还没有超出苹果公司关于什么不能说的限制，”他说。 |
| In a statement, Mr. Williams, now Apple’s chief operating officer, said Mr. Chang had “pushed the semiconductor industry to new frontiers.” |
| 现任苹果首席运营官的威廉姆斯在声明中表示，张忠谋“将半导体行业推向了新的前沿”。 |
| In 2018, Mr. Chang, at 86 years old, retired again. By then, TSMC had succeeded where others lagged, mass producing chips with electronic pathways the size of a DNA double helix. That gave Mr. Chang confidence that he had achieved a key tenet for TSMC: technological leadership. |
| 2018年，86岁的张忠谋再次退休。到那时，台积电已经在其他公司落后的领域取得了成功，批量生产了具有DNA双螺旋大小电子通路的芯片。这让张忠谋相信，他实现了台积电的一个关键信条：技术领先。 |
| Spurring the A.I. revolution |
| 推动人工智能革命 |
| Among the awards and photos with world leaders that stud the walls of Mr. Chang’s Taipei office, one is a framed comic portraying his close relationship with Jensen Huang, a founder of the chip firm Nvidia. |
| 张忠谋台北办公室的墙上挂满了各种奖品，以及和多位世界领导人的合影，其中一幅装在镜框里的漫画描绘了他与芯片公司英伟达创始人黄仁勋的亲密关系。 |
| If Apple turbocharged TSMC, it was Mr. Chang who helped make Nvidia the world’s most important designer of artificial intelligence chips. The cartoon tells the story. In the mid-1990s, when Nvidia was a start-up, Mr. Huang sent a letter to Mr. Chang asking if TSMC would make its chips. After a call with Mr. Huang, Mr. Chang agreed. |
| 如果说是苹果推动了台积电的发展，那么帮助英伟达成为世界上最重要的人工智能芯片设计公司的就是张忠谋。这张漫画讲述的就是这个故事。上世纪90年代中期，当英伟达还是一家初创企业时，黄仁勋致信张忠谋，询问台积电是否愿意为其生产芯片。在与黄仁勋通话后，张忠谋同意了。 |
| “I liked him,” Mr. Chang said of Mr. Huang. |
| “我喜欢他，”张忠谋这样评价黄仁勋。 |
| By taking that chance, Mr. Chang helped spur the A.I. revolution in the United States. With TSMC’s manufacturing, Nvidia became the world’s most important A.I. chip designer. Breakthroughs like generative A.I. rely on huge numbers of Nvidia chips to find patterns in vast amounts of data. |
| 张忠谋抓住这个机会，从而帮助推动了美国的人工智能革命。通过台积电的生产，英伟达成为世界上最重要的人工智能芯片设计公司。生成式人工智能等突破性技术依靠大量英伟达芯片在海量数据中寻找模式。 |
| In a 2018 speech at Mr. Chang’s retirement gathering, Mr. Huang said Nvidia — now worth $1 trillion — would not exist without TSMC. An inscription on the comic, which Mr. Huang gave to Mr. Chang, reads: “Your career is a masterpiece — a Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony.” |
| 在2018年张忠谋退休聚会上的演讲中，黄仁勋表示，如果没有台积电，目前价值1万亿美元的英伟达就不会存在。黄仁勋送给张忠谋的漫画上写着：“你的事业是一部杰作——贝多芬的第九交响曲。” |
| For Mr. Chang, the final notes of that masterpiece have not yet been played. He is healthy for a nonagenarian, though he can no longer smoke a pipe — once his trademark in photos — after he had stents put into his heart a few years ago. |
| 对于张忠谋来说，这首杰作的最后几个音符尚未奏响。作为一名耄耋老人，他很健康，尽管几年前他在心脏植入支架后，再也不能抽烟斗了——这曾是他照片中的标志。 |
| At his office, he still keeps a Bloomberg terminal. He also makes regular public appearances around Taiwan to discuss global politics and the economy. Like many, he worries about a potential conflict between the United States and China over Taiwan, though he believes the chance of such a confrontation is low. |
| 在他的办公室里，他仍然保留着彭博终端。他还定期在台湾各地公开露面，讨论全球政治和经济。和许多人一样，他也担心中美之间可能因台湾问题发生冲突，尽管他认为这种对抗的可能性很低。 |
| “The chance of China invading Taiwan, amphibious warfare and all that stuff, I think that’s a very, very low probability,” he said. “A blockade of some kind, I think I still put it as low probability, but it’s still a chance and I want to avoid that.” |
| “中国入侵台湾、发动两栖战争这些事情，我认为可能性是非常非常低的，”他说。“某种形式的封锁，我想我仍然认为可能性很低，但它仍然是有可能的，我想避免这种情况。” |
| Mr. Chang said he was not worried about U.S. policies that have cut off Chinese firms from access to cutting-edge semiconductor technology. |
| 张忠谋说，他并不为美国切断中国公司获得尖端半导体技术渠道这一政策而担心。 |
| “I think it’s still OK,” he said, though he noted U.S. companies would lose business and China would find ways to fight back. |
| “我认为问题还不大，”他说，但也指出，美国公司将失去业务，中国也会想办法反击。 |
| As the conversation wound down, Mr. Chang said he had some regrets that he could not be in the driver’s seat as TSMC faces geopolitical challenges. But he said the timing of his retirement in 2018 made sense, driven by technology and not politics. |
| 谈话接近尾声时，张忠谋说，在台积电面临地缘政治挑战之际，他对自己无法掌控局面感到有些遗憾。但他表示，他在2018年退休的时间节点是合理的，这是由技术而不是政治驱动的。 |
| “I was literally sure that we had achieved technology leadership,” he said of that time. “I don’t think we’ll lose it.” |
| “我确实确信我们已经取得了技术领先地位，”他在谈到当时的情况时说。“我不认为我们会失去它。” |
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