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| The premise of “Oppenheimer,” Christopher Nolan’s biopic, is straightforward: tell the story of J. Robert Oppenheimer, the physicist known as the “father of the atomic bomb.” But, as with the director’s other movies, the execution is far from simple. The film skips between time periods, and it features a dizzying array of scientists, politicians and possible Communist agents amid a series of government hearings. |
| 克里斯托弗·诺兰的传记片《奥本海默》的基本设定很简单：讲述被誉为“原子弹之父”的物理学家J·罗伯特·奥本海默的故事。但是，与这位导演的其他电影一样，该片的呈现过程绝非简单。这部电影在不同的时代之间跳跃，在一连串政府听证会中出现了一系列令人眼花缭乱的科学家、政治人士和疑似共产党特工。 |
| Here’s a guide to help you keep track of the real-life characters and events of the movie. |
| 以下这份指南可以帮助你了解电影中出现的真实人物和事件。 |
| J. Robert Oppenheimer (played by Cillian Murphy) |
| J·罗伯特·奥本海默（基里安·墨菲饰） |
| The American theoretical physicist (played by Cillian Murphy) spearheaded the development of the atomic bomb through the Manhattan Project. |
| 通过曼哈顿计划主持原子弹研制工作的美国理论物理学家。 |
| Born in New York City in 1904, Oppenheimer spent his undergraduate years at Harvard before moving to Cambridge, England, for graduate work in physics. There, he grew frustrated with his tutor’s insistence that he focus on lab work instead of theory and is reported to have given the man, Patrick Blackett, a poisoned apple. The tutor never ate the apple, but university officials placed him on probation. That said, the episode is the subject of conflicting stories. |
| 奥本海默1904年出生于纽约市，在哈佛大学读完本科后前往英格兰剑桥大学攻读物理学研究生。在那里，他对导师帕特里克·布莱克特坚持让他专注于实验室工作而不是理论感到不满，据说他曾给布莱克特一个有毒的苹果。导师没有吃，但大学官员对奥本海默处以留校察看。不过，这段往事坊间存在不同的版本。 |
| After receiving his doctorate in physics at a German university, Oppenheimer accepted professorships at the University of California, Berkeley, and the California Institute of Technology, helping to pioneer work in an American school of theoretical physics. |
| 在德国一所大学获得物理学博士学位后，奥本海默接受了加州大学伯克利分校和加州理工学院的教授职位，成为美国理论物理学先驱人物。 |
| With World War II well underway, Oppenheimer was appointed director of Los Alamos, part of the mammoth effort to develop the bomb. Having fallen in love with New Mexico when he was sent there as a boy to recover from dysentery, he established a secret lab in the desert of Los Alamos, N.M., coordinating efforts by top physicists and engineers that culminated in the first nuclear explosion, at Alamogordo on July 16, 1945, known as the Trinity test. |
| 随着第二次世界大战的深入，奥本海默被任命为洛斯阿拉莫斯研究所所长，该所是庞大的原子弹研发计划的一部分。他曾在儿时被送往新墨西哥州治疗痢疾，并且十分喜欢那里。他在新墨西哥州洛斯阿拉莫斯的沙漠中建立了一个秘密实验室，协调众多顶尖物理学家和工程师的工作，最终于1945年7月16日在阿拉莫戈多成功进行了第一次核爆炸，那次试验被称为“三位一体试验”。 |
| He later directed the Institute for Advanced Study, an independent center for theoretical research, in Princeton, N.J., and became chairman of the General Advisory Committee to the Atomic Energy Commission. |
| 后来，他领导了位于新泽西州普林斯顿的独立理论研究中心普林斯顿高等研究院，并成为原子能委员会总顾问委员会主席。 |
| Lewis Strauss (played by Robert Downey Jr.) |
| 刘易斯·施特劳斯（小罗伯特·唐尼饰） |
| Oppenheimer’s primary antagonist in the film, Strauss (Robert Downey Jr.) was chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and a leader of the campaign to revoke Oppenheimer’s security clearance. |
| 奥本海默在影片中的头号对手施特劳斯是原子能委员会主席，带头运作了撤销奥本海默安全权限一事。 |
| Born in West Virginia, he worked variously as a traveling shoe salesman, an investment bank partner and a bureaucrat helping the future president Herbert Hoover’s Food Administration during World War I. After World War II, President Harry S. Truman appointed Strauss to the Atomic Energy Commission and he became its chairman, pushing for the development of the hydrogen bomb. Strauss later served as acting secretary of commerce under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, but his nomination was rejected by the Senate, in part because of the scientific community’s outrage over his treatment of Oppenheimer. |
| 他出生于西弗吉尼亚州，曾做过旅游鞋履推销员、投资银行合伙人，在第一次世界大战期间是未来总统胡佛的食品管理局里的一名官员。第二次世界大战后，杜鲁门总统任命施特劳斯负责原子能部门。他成为该部门的委员会主席，推动氢弹的发展。施特劳斯后来在艾森豪威尔政府中担任商务部代部长，但他的提名被参议院拒绝，部分原因是科学界对他对待奥本海默的方式感到愤怒。 |
| Jean Tatlock (played by Florence Pugh) |
| 吉恩·塔特洛克（弗洛伦斯·珀饰） |
| An active member of the Bay Area’s Communist Party, Tatlock (Florence Pugh) was a graduate student at Stanford Medical School when she began dating Oppenheimer in 1936. She helped introduce him to Communist activists, fueling his left-leaning sympathies. She ended her relationship with Oppenheimer in 1939, even as he continued to visit her. Their last meeting, in June 1943, was surveilled by F.B.I. agents. In 1944, the 29-year-old Tatlock was found dead in her bathroom. Most historians conclude she died by suicide. |
| 塔特洛克是湾区共产党的活跃成员，1936年开始与奥本海默约会时，她是斯坦福大学医学院的一名研究生。她帮他引见了共产主义活动人士，加深了他对左翼的同情。1939年，她结束了两人的关系，不过奥本海默还是会去看她。他们最后一次会面是在1943年6月，当时受到联邦调查局的监视。1944年，29岁的塔特洛克被发现死在她的浴室里。大多数历史学家得出的结论是她死于自杀。 |
| William Borden (played by David Dastmalchian) |
| 威廉·博登（大卫·达斯马齐安饰） |
| Born in 1920 in Washington, D.C., Borden (David Dastmalchian) had degrees from Yale and Yale Law. He eventually worked as legislative secretary for a Connecticut senator, Brien McMahon, and became staff director of the congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy in 1949. |
| 博登1920年出生于华盛顿，拥有耶鲁大学和耶鲁法学院学位。他后来担任过康涅狄格州参议员布赖恩·麦克马洪的立法秘书，并于1949年成为国会原子能联合委员会的幕僚主任。 |
| In 1953, most likely with the encouragement of Strauss, he sent a letter to the F.B.I. director, J. Edgar Hoover, suggesting that “more probably than not J. Robert Oppenheimer is an agent of the Soviet Union.” This was the catalyst for a closed-door hearing about Oppenheimer’s Communist ties — depicted in the film — and the eventual revocation of his security clearance. |
| 1953年，很可能是在施特劳斯的鼓励下，他给联邦调查局局长J·埃德加·胡佛写了一封信，表示“J·罗伯特·奥本海默很可能是苏联特工”。这封信进一步推动了一场关于奥本海默与共产主义关系的闭门听证会的进行——电影中重现了这一场景——并最终撤销了他的安全权限。 |
| Ernest Lawrence (played by Josh Hartnett) |
| 欧内斯特·劳伦斯（乔什·哈奈特饰） |
| A Nobel Prize-winning scientist, Lawrence (Josh Hartnett) was born in 1901 in South Dakota. He earned a doctorate in physics from Yale and became a professor of physics at U.C. Berkeley, where he invented the cyclotron, a particle accelerator that was instrumental to the development of the atomic bomb. It was Lawrence who helped introduce Oppenheimer to the Manhattan Project. After the war, he advocated for the development of hydrogen nuclear weapons. |
| 获得过诺贝尔奖的科学家劳伦斯1901年出生于南达科他州。他在耶鲁大学获得物理学博士学位，并成为加州大学伯克利分校的物理学教授。他在伯克利发明了回旋加速器，这是一种粒子加速器，对原子弹的研制发挥了重要作用。劳伦斯将奥本海默引荐给曼哈顿计划。战后，他主张发展氢核武器。 |
| Edward Teller (played by Benny Safdie) |
| 爱德华·泰勒（本尼·萨弗迪饰） |
| Born in Budapest, Teller (Benny Safdie) earned his physics doctorate in Germany and was later offered a professorship at George Washington University, becoming a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1941. Known for his research into nuclear energy, he joined Oppenheimer’s team at Los Alamos, where he worked in the theoretical physics division. |
| 泰勒出生于布达佩斯，在德国获得物理学博士学位，后来获得乔治华盛顿大学教授职位，并于1941年获得美国籍。他因核能研究而闻名，加入了奥本海默在洛斯阿拉莫斯的团队，在那里的理论物理部门工作。 |
| Teller was obsessed with hydrogen energy and the development of a hydrogen bomb, which led him to butt heads with other members of the Manhattan Project. After the Soviet Union tested an atomic weapon in 1949, Teller became a primary proponent of developing hydrogen bombs to gain leverage in the Cold War. |
| 泰勒痴迷于氢能和氢弹的开发，这导致他与曼哈顿计划的其他成员发生冲突。1949年苏联试验原子武器后，泰勒成为开发氢弹以在冷战中获得优势的主要支持者。 |
| He later testified against Oppenheimer in the closed-door hearing, saying, “I feel I would prefer to see the vital interests of this country in hands that I understand better and therefore trust more.” |
| 他后来在闭门听证会上指证奥本海默，他说：“我觉得我更愿意看到这个国家的切身利益掌握在我更了解、因此更信任的人的手中。” |
| Did Oppenheimer really meet Einstein? |
| 奥本海默真的见过爱因斯坦吗？ |
| Yes, they were colleagues at the Institute for Advanced Study. “Though I knew Einstein for two or three decades, it was only in the last decade of his life that we were close colleagues and something of friends,” Oppenheimer wrote in The New York Review of Books in 1966. |
| 是的，他们在普林斯顿高等研究院是同事。“虽然我认识爱因斯坦已有二、三十年了，但直到他生命的最后十年，我们才成为亲密的同事和朋友，”1966年奥本海默在《纽约书评》的文章中写道。 |
| However, Nolan has admitted that he made up a key scene between the two: At one point, Oppenheimer goes to the taciturn Einstein for advice on calculations by the Los Alamos team, which showed that the Trinity test could be contained and wouldn’t blow up the world. |
| 然而，诺兰承认他编造了一个两人的关键场景：有一次，奥本海默就洛斯阿拉莫斯团队的计算问题向沉默寡言的爱因斯坦寻求建议，该计算表明三位一体试验是可控的，不会把整个世界毁灭。 |
| “It wasn’t Einstein who Oppenheimer went to consult about it,” Nolan said in a recent interview. “It was Arthur Compton, who directed an outpost of the Manhattan Project at the University of Chicago. But I shifted that to Einstein.” |
| “在这个问题上，奥本海默请教的人并非爱因斯坦，”诺兰在最近的一次采访中说道。“他请教的是阿瑟·康普顿，曼哈顿计划在芝加哥大学的办事处负责人。但我换成了爱因斯坦。” |
| What are the two hearings featured in the film? |
| 电影中出现的两场听证会是哪两场？ |
| The film revolves around two committee hearings — one, in 1954, depicted in color and the other, in 1959, in black and white. |
| 影片围绕着两次委员会听证会展开——一次是在1954年，用彩色胶片拍摄，另一次是在1959年，用黑白胶片拍摄。 |
| The first was a four-week secret meeting in which the Atomic Energy Commission deliberated on whether to revoke Oppenheimer’s security clearance. Amid a scare about Soviet technological advances, Oppenheimer’s possible links to left-wing causes had come under scrutiny, and Borden’s letter to Hoover provided the tipping point. When the commission chairman, Strauss, informed Oppenheimer that his security clearance had been suspended, Oppenheimer refused to resign and demanded a hearing from the commission’s Personnel Security Board. |
| 第一次是为期四周的秘密会议，原子能委员会审议是否撤销奥本海默的安全权限。在对苏联技术进步的恐慌中，奥本海默与左翼事业可能的联系受到了密切关注，而博登给胡佛的信成了转折点。当委员会主席施特劳斯通知奥本海默，他的安全权限已被暂停时，奥本海默拒绝辞职，并要求委员会的人事安全委员会举行听证会。 |
| That hearing was one-sided from the beginning, with Oppenheimer’s lawyers barred from accessing confidential materials, while the commission’s prosecuting attorney had access to hundreds of wiretap recordings. Ultimately, the three-person board decided that Oppenheimer was a loyal citizen but that his security clearance should be rescinded. |
| 那次听证会从一开始就是一边倒的，奥本海默的律师被禁止查阅机密材料，而委员会的检察官可以查阅数百份窃听录音。最终，三人委员会做出决定：奥本海默是一名忠诚的公民，但他的安全权限应该被撤销。 |
| In 1959, the Senate held a hearing on Strauss’s nomination for commerce secretary, a heated process that Time magazine called “U.S. history’s bitterest battle over confirmation of a presidential nomination.” The nomination was rejected, in a 49-to-46 vote. |
| 1959 年，参议院就施特劳斯的商务部长提名举行听证会，这一激烈的过程被《时代》杂志称为“美国历史上最激烈的总统提名确认之战”。提名以49票对46票被否决。 |
| What ultimately happened to Oppenheimer? |
| 奥本海默最终是何下场？ |
| After losing his security clearance, Oppenheimer continued to teach and conduct research with the support of many in the scientific community, who saw him as a martyr. In 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson granted him the Enrico Fermi Award, which honors lifetime achievements in energy science. |
| 在失去安全权限后，奥本海默在科学界许多人支持下继续从事教学和研究，这些人视他为殉道者。1963年，林登·约翰逊总统授予他恩里科·费米奖，以表彰他在能源科学方面的终身成就。 |
| In 1966, he retired from the Institute for Advanced Study and died from throat cancer the next year. |
| 1966年，他从高等研究院退休，次年因咽喉癌去世。 |
| In December 2022, a few days after a trailer for “Oppenheimer” was released, Energy Secretary Jennifer M. Granholm nullified the 1954 decision to revoke Oppenheimer’s clearance. She cited a “flawed process” that violated the Atomic Energy Commission’s own regulations. |
| 2022年12月，在《奥本海默》的预告片发布几天后，能源部长詹妮弗·格兰霍姆宣布1954年撤销奥本海默权限的决定无效。她声称那是一个“有缺陷的程序”，违反了原子能委员会自己的规定。 |
| “More evidence has come to light of the bias and unfairness of the process that Dr. Oppenheimer was subjected to,” Granholm said, “while the evidence of his loyalty and love of country have only been further affirmed.” |
| “更多证据表明，奥本海默博士在审判过程中受到了偏见和不公平的对待，”格兰霍姆说，“而他对国家的忠诚和热爱的证据得到了进一步的肯定。” |
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