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| On Thursday, two World Health Organization agencies released their findings on aspartame, the artificial sweetener found in thousands of sugar-free products like diet sodas, chewing gums, yogurts and energy drinks. |
| 周四，世界卫生组织的两个机构公布了他们对阿斯巴甜的研究结果，这是一种人工甜味剂，被用于成千上万的无糖产品中，如无糖汽水、口香糖、酸奶和能量饮料。 |
| The organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer classified aspartame as possibly carcinogenic to humans. A separate group, the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives, said that there was not convincing evidence of a link between aspartame and cancer in humans and that people could still safely consume the sweetener in moderate amounts. |
| 世卫组织下属的国际癌症研究机构将阿斯巴甜列为可能对人类致癌的物质。另一个组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会表示，没有令人信服的证据表明阿斯巴甜与人类癌症之间存在联系，人们仍然可以安全地适量摄入这种甜味剂。 |
| The announcement does not mean that aspartame definitively causes cancer, W.H.O. experts said in a news conference; instead, it is a call for additional research into its health effects. |
| 世卫组织专家在新闻发布会上表示，这一声明并不意味着阿斯巴甜一定会导致癌症，而是呼吁对其健康影响进行更多研究。 |
| The W.H.O. is not advising companies to withdraw products that contain aspartame or urging people to stop consuming it altogether, said Dr. Francesco Branca, director of the Department of Nutrition and Food Safety at the agency. “We’re just advising for a bit of moderation,” he said. |
| 世界卫生组织营养与食品安全部门主任弗朗西斯科·布兰卡博士表示，世界卫生组织并不建议公司撤下含有阿斯巴甜的产品，也不会敦促人们完全停止食用阿斯巴甜。“我们只是建议摄入要适度，”他说。 |
| How much aspartame is too much? |
| 多少阿斯巴甜算是过量？ |
| According to the W.H.O., it is safe to consume up to 40 milligrams of aspartame per kilogram of body weight per day. Using diet soda as a measure, the limit means that, by some estimates, a 150-pound person would need to drink more than a dozen cans each day to surpass it. |
| 根据世界卫生组织的数据，每天每公斤体重最多摄入40毫克阿斯巴甜是安全的。以无糖汽水为衡量标准，根据估算，这意味着一个体重68公斤的人每天需要喝十几罐才能超过这个限量。 |
| The Food and Drug Administration is slightly more permissive with its daily safety limit. It states that people can have up to 50 milligrams of aspartame per kilogram of body weight each day. |
| 美国食品和药物管理局（简称FDA）的每日安全限量则稍微宽松一些。它指出人们每天每公斤体重最多可摄入50毫克阿斯巴甜。 |
| An F.D.A. official said agency scientists did not have concerns about the safety of aspartame when the sweetener is used “under the approved conditions.” |
| 一名FDA官员表示，该机构的科学家并不担心“在满足批准的条件下”使用阿斯巴甜的安全性。 |
| “Aspartame being labeled by I.A.R.C. as ‘possibly carcinogenic to humans’ does not mean that aspartame is actually linked to cancer,” the official wrote. |
| 这位官员写道：“国际癌症研究机构将阿斯巴甜标记为‘可能对人类致癌’，并不意味着阿斯巴甜实际上与癌症有关。” |
| Given the vast quantities of sweetener under discussion, several experts said that consumers should not necessarily worry about the cancer risk of their aspartame consumption. Reaching that upper daily level of aspartame intake “isn’t casual consumption,” said Dr. Dale Shepard, a medical oncologist at the Cleveland Clinic. “This is making a project out of trying to get aspartame.” |
| 鉴于所议甜味剂的使用量之广，几位专家表示，消费者不必担心食用阿斯巴甜的癌症风险。克利夫兰诊所的肿瘤内科医生戴尔·谢泼德博士说，“日常摄入并不会”达到每日阿斯巴甜摄入量上限。“要获取那么多阿斯巴甜没那么容易。” |
| What else does the I.A.R.C. consider a possible carcinogen? |
| 国际癌症研究机构认为可能致癌的物质还有哪些？ |
| The International Agency for Research on Cancer labeled aspartame as “possibly carcinogenic to humans,” a category that includes more than 300 viruses, chemicals, occupational exposures and more. Certain pickled vegetables, engine exhaust, some types of human papillomavirus and working in dry-cleaning all fall into the same I.A.R.C. category. |
| 国际癌症研究机构将阿斯巴甜标记为“可能对人类致癌”，该类别包括300多种病毒、化学物质、职业暴露等。某些腌制蔬菜、发动机废气、某些类型的人乳头瘤病毒以及从事干洗工作都属于这一类别。 |
| The new classification for aspartame is based on limited evidence that has linked the artificial sweetener to liver cancer in humans. There is inadequate evidence to show that it can cause other types of cancer, and experts don’t know exactly how the sweetener might contribute to cancer. The group also found limited evidence that aspartame was associated with cancer in animals. |
| 将阿斯巴甜新划入此类别的有限证据显示，这种人工甜味剂与人类肝癌有关。没有足够证据表明它会导致其他癌症，专家也不清楚这种甜味剂的致癌原理。该组织还发现，阿斯巴甜与动物癌症有关的证据是有限的。 |
| By contrast, alcoholic beverages fall into the most extreme classification: “carcinogenic to humans.” The I.A.R.C. also classifies air pollution, tobacco and processed meats as carcinogenic to humans. |
| 相较之下，酒精饮料属于最严重的一类，即“人类致癌物”。国际癌症研究机构还将空气污染、烟草和加工肉类列为人类致癌物。 |
| “The larger challenge is that with aspartame, like other additives, there’s just not enough science to say definitively, ‘Yes, this causes cancer’ or ‘No, it doesn’t,’” said Dr. Dariush Mozaffarian, a cardiologist and professor of nutrition at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University. |
| “更大的难点在于，和其他添加剂一样，没有足够的科学证据能确定阿斯巴甜‘的确致癌’或者‘不会致癌’，”塔夫茨大学营养科学与政策学院营养学教授、心脏病专家达里什·莫扎法里安表示。 |
| In terms of lowering cancer risk, people should first think about other factors that may make them more susceptible, like obesity as well as alcohol and cigarette use, said Dr. Neil M. Iyengar, a medical oncologist and physician scientist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. |
| 纽约市纪念斯隆·凯特琳癌症中心临床科学家兼医学肿瘤学家尼尔·艾扬格表示，在降低癌症风险的问题上，人们应该首先考虑其他可能更容易致癌的因素，比如肥胖、饮酒和吸烟。 |
| What do we know about other sweeteners? |
| 我们对其他甜味剂的了解有多少？ |
| There is an array of artificial sweeteners on the market, with varying chemical structures. Data on their long-term health effects is lacking. |
| 市面上人工甜味剂种类繁多，其化学结构也各不相同。关于这些甜味剂对健康长期影响的数据并不多。 |
| There’s no clear “winner” that is the best for you, said Joanne Slavin, a professor of food science and nutrition at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. |
| 明尼苏达大学双城分校的食品科学与营养学教授乔安妮·斯莱文表示，关于哪一种对人“最有益”，并没有明确的结果。 |
| In the spring, the W.H.O. said that artificial sweeteners like aspartame, stevia, sucralose and saccharin may not help people lose body fat and that consuming them might be associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and overall mortality. Erythritol, a zero-calorie sugar substitute, has recently come under scrutiny for its potential links to cardiovascular issues, although that evidence is inconclusive. |
| 世卫组织今年春天表示，阿斯巴甜、甜菊糖、三氯蔗糖和糖精钠等人工甜味剂可能无法带来减脂效果，食用之后还可能增加心血管疾病、糖尿病和总体死亡率的风险。不含卡路里的代糖赤藓糖醇最近因其与心血管疾病的可能联系引发关注，尽管相关证据尚无定论。 |
| Some health experts recommend phasing out artificial sweeteners from your diet altogether, as challenging as that may be. “If they don’t do any good, and they’re not required in the diet, and there’s no real advantage — why bother with them?” said Marion Nestle, a professor of nutrition, food studies and public health at New York University. |
| 一些健康专家建议，虽然难度可能很高，但应该在饮食中逐步剔除人工甜味剂。“如果它们没有任何好处，在饮食中也不是必需品，不会带来真正的益处，那为什么还要摄入呢？” 纽约大学营养、视频研究和公共卫生学教授玛丽昂·内斯特尔表示。 |
| But sugar comes with concerns, too. Anything that consistently spikes your blood sugar can be a problem, especially if you have diabetes or another metabolic disorder. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has linked the frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, like regular sodas, with Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney diseases, obesity and other health concerns. |
| 但糖类本身也有健康隐患。任何持续升高血糖的食品都可能带来问题，尤其是在你已经患有糖尿病或其他代谢紊乱疾病的情况下。美国疾控中心认为，经常含糖饮料（如普通汽水）与2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、肾脏疾病、肥胖和其他健康问题都有关系。 |
| “There’s always risk,” Dr. Slavin said. “In the end, if you can stand the calories, maybe a little bit of sugar in lemonade is better than an alternative sweetener. That’s your call, depending on your health status and what you want to do.” |
| “风险总是存在的，”斯莱文表示。“最后的办法，就是假如能接受卡路里的话，也许在柠檬水里加一点糖会比摄入其他甜味剂更安全。这要看你怎么想，取决于你的健康状况和你想要怎么做。” |
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