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| Milan Kundera, the Communist Party outcast who became a global literary star with mordant, sexually charged novels that captured the suffocating absurdity of life in the workers’ paradise of his native Czechoslovakia, died Tuesday in Paris. He was 94. |
| 米兰·昆德拉周二在巴黎去世，享年94岁。这位共产党的弃儿以尖刻而又充满性色彩的小说捕捉了他的祖国捷克斯洛伐克工人天堂中令人窒息的荒谬生活，令他成为享誉全球的文学明星。 |
| A spokesperson for Gallimard, Kundera’s publisher in France, confirmed the death, saying it came “after a prolonged illness.” |
| 昆德拉在法国的出版商——加利马尔出版社的发言人证实了昆德拉的死讯，称他在“长期患病后”去世。 |
| Kundera’s run of popular books began with “The Joke,” which was published to acclaim in 1967, around the time of the Prague Spring, then banned with a vengeance after Soviet-led troops crushed that experiment in “socialism with a human face” a few months later. He completed his final novel, “The Festival of Insignificance” (2015), when he was in his mid-80s and living in Paris. |
| 昆德拉的一系列畅销书始于《玩笑》，这本书在1967年“布拉格之春”期间出版，结果大受好评，几个月后，苏联领导的军队粉碎了捷克斯洛伐克“人性化的社会主义”实验，昆德拉的这部作品也在随之而来的报复中遭到禁毁。耄耋之年，定居巴黎的他完成了最后一部小说《庆祝无意义》（2015年）。 |
| “Festival” was his first new fiction since 2000, but its reception, tepid at best, was a far cry from the reaction to his most enduringly popular novel, “The Unbearable Lightness of Being.” |
| 《庆祝无意义》是他自2000年以来的第一部新小说，但与他最受欢迎的小说《不能承受的生命之轻》（曾译作《生命中不能承受之轻》——编注）相比，充其量只能说反响平平。 |
| An instant success when it was published in 1984, “Unbearable Lightness” was reprinted over the years in at least two dozen languages. The novel drew even wider attention when it was adapted into a 1988 film starring Daniel Day Lewis as one of its central characters, Tomas, a Czech surgeon who criticizes the Communist leadership and consequently ends up washing windows for a living. |
| 《不能承受的生命之轻》在1984年出版后立即获得成功，多年来被译作20多种语言多次再版。1988年，这部小说被改编成电影，引起了更广泛的关注，丹尼尔·戴·刘易斯饰演主角之一托马斯。托马斯是一名捷克外科医生，因批评共产党领导层，最终落得擦窗户为生。 |
| But washing windows is a pretty good deal for Tomas. A relentless philanderer, he’s always open to meeting new women, including bored housewives. But the sex, as well as Tomas himself and the three other main characters — his wife, a seductive painter and the painter’s lover — are there for a larger purpose. |
| 但对托马斯来说，擦窗户是个不错的差事。他是个不折不扣的花花公子，总是乐于结识新的女人，包括无聊的家庭主妇。但是，这些性爱，以及托马斯本人和其他三个主要角色——他的妻子、一位迷人的画家和画家的情人——都有更大的目的。 |
| In putting the novel on its list of best books of 1984, The New York Times Book Review observed that “this writer’s real business is to find images for the disastrous history of his country in his lifetime.” |
| 《纽约时报书评》将这部小说列入1984年最佳书籍名单时指出，“这位作家真正的工作是为他的国家在他有生之年的灾难性历史寻找形象。” |
| “He uses the four pitilessly, setting each pair against the other as opposites in every way, to describe a world in which choice is exhausted and people simply cannot find a way to express their humanity.” |
| “他毫不留情地使用这四个主角，把每一对人物都放在对立面，来描述一个选择已经穷尽的世界，人们根本找不到表达人性的方式。” |
| Kundera’s fear that Czech culture could be erased by Stalinism — much as disgraced leaders were airbrushed out of official photos — was at the heart of “The Book of Laughter and Forgetting,” which became available in English in 1979. |
| 昆德拉担心捷克文化可能会被斯大林主义抹去——就像失宠的领导人从官方照片中被抹去一样——这是《笑忘书》的核心，该书于1979年出版了英文版。 |
| Writing in The Times Book Review in 1980, John Updike said the book “is brilliant and original, written with a purity and wit that invite us directly in; it is also strange, with a strangeness that locks us out.” |
| 1980年，约翰·厄普代克在《时报书评》上写道，这本书“才华横溢，独具匠心，以纯净和诙谐的笔调直接邀请我们进入；然而它也很奇怪，以一种陌生感将我们拒之门外”。 |
| Kundera told The Paris Review in 1983, “My lifetime ambition has been to unite the utmost seriousness of question with the utmost lightness of form. The combination of a frivolous form and a serious subject immediately unmasks the truth about our dramas (those that occur in our beds as well as those that we play out on the great stage of History) and their awful insignificance. We experience the unbearable lightness of being.” |
| 1983年，昆德拉在接受《巴黎评论》采访时表示：“我一生的抱负是将最严肃的问题与最轻盈的形式结合起来。轻浮的形式和严肃的主题相结合，立即揭开了我们戏剧的真相（包括发生在我们床上的戏剧、历史大舞台上演出的戏剧），以及它们可怕的微不足道。我们体验到不能承受的生命之轻。” |
| He acknowledged that the names of his books could easily be swapped around. “Every one of my novels could be entitled ‘The Unbearable Lightness of Being’ or ‘The Joke’ or ‘Laughable Loves,’” he said. “They reflect the small number of themes that obsess me, define me and, unfortunately, restrict me. Beyond these themes, I have nothing else to say or to write.” |
| 他承认，他的书名很容易互换。“我的每一部小说都可以命名为《不能承受的生命之轻》、《玩笑》或《好笑的爱》，”他说。“它们反映了少数主题，这些主题困扰着我，定义了我，不幸的是，也限制了我。除了这些主题，我没有什么可说或是可写的了。” |
| Although written in the Czech language, both “The Book of Laughter and Forgetting” and “The Unbearable Lightness of Being” were composed in the clear light of France, where Kundera resettled in 1975 after giving up hope of political and creative freedom at home. |
| 尽管《笑忘书》和《不能承受的生命之轻》是用捷克语写成的，但它们都是在法国明媚的阳光下创作的。1975年，昆德拉对于在国内获得政治和创作自由不再抱有希望，定居法国。 |
| His decision to emigrate underlined the choices available to the Czech intelligentsia at the time. Thousands left. Among those who stayed and resisted was playwright Vaclav Havel, who served several prison terms, including one of nearly three years. He survived to help lead the successful Velvet Revolution in 1989 and then served as president — first of Czechoslovakia and then of the Czech Republic after the Slovaks decided to go their own way. |
| 他移民的决定凸显了当时捷克知识分子的选择。成千上万人离开了。剧作家瓦茨拉夫·哈维尔则是留下来反抗的人之一，他曾多次服刑，其中一次将近三年。他挺了过来，帮助领导了1989年成功的天鹅绒革命，然后担任捷克斯洛伐克总统，斯洛伐克决定独立后，他又任捷克共和国总统。 |
| With that great turnabout, Kundera’s books were legal in his homeland for the first time in 20 years. But there was scant demand for them or sympathy for him there. By one estimate, only 10,000 copies of “The Unbearable Lightness of Being” were sold. |
| 有了这个大转变， 20年来，昆德拉的书第一次在他的祖国合法化了。但在那里，很少有人需要这些书，也很少有人同情他。据估计，《不能承受的生命之轻》在该国只卖出了1万册。 |
| Many Czechs saw Kundera as someone who had abandoned his compatriots and taken the easy way out. |
| 许多捷克人认为昆德拉抛弃了自己的同胞，选择了一条轻松的出路。 |
| The rocky history of Kundera’s first novel, “The Joke,” is a good illustration of the trouble he faced while still trying to promote reform from within. |
| 昆德拉的第一部小说《玩笑》坎坷的历史很好地说明了他试图从内部推动改革时所面临的麻烦。 |
| When the Prague Spring ended, the book was condemned as cynical, erotic and anti-Socialist; and if the reader could somehow adopt the censors’ mindset, the reader would see their point. |
| “布拉格之春”结束后，这本书遭到指责，被认为愤世嫉俗、色情和反社会主义；如果读者能以某种方式接受审查者的思维，就会明白他们的意思。 |
| Ludvik, the main narrator of “The Joke,” is a Prague university student in the 1950s who is under suspicion by party members for his perceived individualism. “You smile as though you were thinking to yourself,” he is told. Then he gets a letter from a credulous female friend praising the “healthy atmosphere” at the summer training camp she’s been sent to. Resentful that she should be happy when he is missing her, young Ludvik makes a horrible mistake: |
| 《玩笑》的主要叙述者路德维克是20世纪50年代布拉格的一名大学生，他因个人主义而受到党员们的怀疑。“你笑的样子让人觉得，你笑的东西只有你知道，”他们对他说。然后，一位盲从轻信的女友给他写来一封信，对她被送往的夏日培训班里的“健康精神”大加赞赏。年轻的路德维克觉得自己在想念她，而她居然满心欢喜，对此他大为不满，犯了一个可怕的错误： |
| “So I bought a postcard,” he says, “and (to hurt, shock and confuse her) wrote: ‘Optimism is the opium of the people! A healthy atmosphere stinks of stupidity! Long live Trotsky!’” |
| “所以我买了一张明信片，”他说，“然后（为了令她感到痛苦、震惊和迷惑）写道：‘乐观是人民的鸦片！健康精神是冒傻气！托洛茨基万岁！’” |
| There is a trial. For his little joke, Ludvik is thrown out of the party and sentenced to work as a coal miner in a military penal unit. |
| 随后是一场审判。因为他的小玩笑，路德维克被赶出共产党，被判处在一个军事惩戒单位挖煤。 |
| Kundera didn’t suffer quite that fate, but he was twice expelled from the party he had supported from age 18, when the Communists seized power in 1948. |
| 昆德拉并没有遭受那样的命运，但当1948年共产党夺取政权时，他曾两次被开除出这个他从18岁起就一直支持的党。 |
| His first expulsion, for what he called a trivial remark, was imposed in 1950 and inspired the central plot of “The Joke.” He was nevertheless allowed to continue his studies; he graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague in 1952 and was then appointed to the faculty there as an instructor in world literature. |
| 他第一次被开除出党是在1950年，只因为他说了一句无关紧要的话，这启发了《玩笑》的中心情节。然而，他被允许继续学业；1952年，他毕业于布拉格美术学院，随后被任命为该校的世界文学讲师。 |
| Kundera was reinstated to the Communist Party in 1956 but kicked out again, in 1970, for advocating reform. This time, the ejection was forever, effectively erasing him as a person. He was driven from his job and, as he said, “No one had the right to offer me another.” |
| 1956年，昆德拉恢复了党籍，但在1970年，由于主张改革，昆德拉再次被开除党籍。这一次，驱逐是永远的，实际上使其失去了立身之本。他被赶离工作岗位，正如他所说：“没有人有权给我另一份工作。” |
| Milan Kundera was born April 1, 1929, in Brno, in what is now the Czech Republic, the son of Milada Janosikova and Ludvik Kundera. |
| 米兰·昆德拉1929年4月1日出生在布尔诺，也就是现在的捷克共和国，母亲是米拉达·雅诺西科娃，父亲是路德维克·昆德拉。 |
| Having grown up in a country occupied by German forces from 1939 to 1945, the young Kundera was one of many millions who embraced Communism after the war. |
| 年轻的昆德拉在一个1939年至1945年被德军占领的国家长大，他是战后数百万接受共产主义的人之一。 |
| Too late, he said, he realized that the evil done in the name of Socialism was not a betrayal of the revolution, but rather a poison inherent in it from the beginning. |
| 他说，当他意识到以社会主义的名义所做的坏事并不是对革命的背叛，而是革命从一开始就固有的毒害时，已经为时太晚。 |
| When Communism ended in 1989, Kundera had been living in France for 14 years with his wife, Vera Hrabankova, first as a university teacher in Rennes and then in Paris. Czechoslovakia revoked his citizenship in 1979, and he became a French citizen two years later. The Czech Republic restored his citizenship of his homeland in 2019. Information on his survivors was not immediately available. |
| 1989年共产主义结束时，昆德拉已经和妻子薇拉·赫拉班科娃在法国生活了14年。他起初在雷恩当大学教师，后来去了巴黎。捷克斯洛伐克于1979年撤销了他的公民身份，两年后，他成为了法国公民。捷克共和国于2019年恢复了他的祖国国籍。有关他遗属的信息尚未公布。 |
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