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| Since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine began over a year ago, officials in Kyiv have been asking their Western allies to supply the country’s air force with advanced warplanes such as the F-16. But the United States, which manufactures the fighter jet, was long reluctant to provide it, or to allow other countries that have F-16s to re-export them to Ukraine. |
| 自从俄罗斯在一年多前开始全面入侵乌克兰以来，基辅官员一直要求西方盟友向乌克兰空军提供F-16等先进战机。但制造这种战斗机的美国长期以来一直不愿提供，也不允许其他拥有F-16的国家将其再出口到乌克兰。 |
| American officials worried that the jets could be used to hit targets inside Russia, potentially escalating the conflict, and said that sending Ukraine other weapons was a higher priority. But President Biden reversed course on Friday, telling allies that he would allow Ukrainian pilots to be trained on the F-16 and that the United States would work with other countries to supply Kyiv with the jets. |
| 美国官员担心这些战机可能被用来打击俄罗斯境内的目标，从而可能使冲突升级。他们表示，向乌克兰提供其他武器是更优先的事项。但拜登总统周五改变了态度，他告诉盟友，美国将允许乌克兰飞行员接受F-16的训练，并将与其他国家合作，向基辅提供这些战斗机。 |
| President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine welcomed what he called “the historic decision of the United States,” and said it would “greatly enhance our army in the sky.” |
| 乌克兰总统泽连斯基对他所称的“美国的历史性决定”表示欢迎，并表示这将“极大地增强我们的空中力量”。 |
| Here’s what we know about how the move could affect Ukraine’s air force. |
| 关于此举对乌克兰空军的影响，以下是我们所知道的情况。 |
| How strong is the Ukrainian air force? |
| 乌克兰空军实力如何？ |
| Ukraine inherited a sizable but aging fleet of Soviet-designed fighter jets and helicopters, which is a legacy of its history as a part of the former Soviet Union. The Ukrainian air force fleet includes fighter jets such as the MiG-29, bombers, and transport and training aircraft, Col. Yuriy Ihnat, a spokesman for the force, said in an interview on Saturday. |
| 乌克兰继承了一支由苏联设计的战斗机和直升机组成的机队，规模可观但已经老化，这是乌克兰作为前苏联一部分的历史遗产。乌克兰空军发言人尤里·伊纳特上校周六接受采访时表示，乌克兰空军拥有米格-29等战斗机，以及轰炸机、运输机和教练机。 |
| Western military analysts estimate that Ukraine’s combined fleet, belonging to air and ground forces, has been depleted by more than a third since the Russian invasion began. Ukraine has lost at least 60 of its 145 fixed-wing planes and 32 of 139 helicopters, according to U.S. military information that was among the classified material leaked on the Discord social media platform in recent months. The document was not dated. |
| 西方军事分析人士估计，自俄罗斯入侵开始以来，配属乌克兰空中和地面部队的飞机已经减少了三分之一以上。据美国军方信息显示，乌克兰的145架固定翼飞机至少损失了60架，139架直升机至少损失了32架。这些信息是最近几个月在社交媒体平台Discord上泄露的机密材料之一。文件没有注明日期。 |
| The Ukrainian air force rarely reveals numbers regarding its fleet or other details, including incidents of planes shot down or otherwise destroyed. But officials have acknowledged some losses in the course of the war, as well as difficulties with the repair and replacement of damaged planes. |
| 乌克兰空军很少透露其机队的数字或其他细节，包括飞机被击落或以其他方式被摧毁的事件。但官员们承认，在战争过程中有一些损失，受损飞机的维修和更换也存在困难。 |
| “The newest plane is from 1991,” Colonel Ihnat said. “And all this should be serviced, repaired and spare parts obtained.” |
| “最新的飞机是1991年的，”伊纳特说。“所有这一切本应得到维护和维修，并获得备件。” |
| Obtaining spare parts has become a problem, since Russia is the only producer of many of those parts. Even before the full-scale invasion, the trade of such items had largely ceased after 2014, when Russian-backed forces seized control of parts of eastern Ukraine and the Crimean Peninsula. |
| 获得备件已经成为一个问题，因为俄罗斯是许多零部件的唯一生产国。早在全面入侵之前，2014年俄罗斯支持的部队控制了乌克兰东部和克里米亚半岛的部分地区后，这类物品的贸易就基本停止了。 |
| Overall, the Ukrainian air force is “technologically outmatched and badly outnumbered” compared with the Russian air force, according to a November report by the Royal United Services Institute for Defense and Security Studies in London. |
| 伦敦皇家联合军种防务与安全研究所去年11月发布的一份报告显示，总体而言，与俄罗斯空军相比，乌克兰空军“在技术上和数量上都处于劣势”。 |
| How do the Ukrainians use their planes? |
| 乌克兰人如何使用其飞机？ |
| When Russian forces jammed Ukrainian air defense systems in the opening days of the war, Ukrainian Mikoyan MiG-29 and Sukhoi Su-27 fighters provided air defense over most of the country, engaging in air-to-air clashes to thwart Russian bombing raids, according to the institute’s report. |
| 该研究所的报告称，当俄罗斯军队在战争开始的几天里干扰乌克兰的防空系统时，乌克兰的米格-29和苏-27战斗机负责了乌克兰大部分地区的防空，与俄罗斯展开空战，以阻止俄罗斯的轰炸袭击。 |
| Ukrainian fighter aircraft inflicted some losses on Russian aircraft but “also took serious casualties,” the report said. The Ukrainians took losses in some friendly-fire incidents in the days that followed as they scrambled to introduce new air defense systems. |
| 报告称，乌克兰战斗机给俄罗斯飞机造成了一些损失，但“也发生了严重伤亡”。在接下来的几天里，由于紧急引进了新的防空系统，乌克兰人遭受了一些友军误伤的损失。 |
| Nevertheless, despite having a superior fleet, Russia has not been able to achieve air supremacy throughout Ukraine, thanks to the Ukrainians’ strong air defenses. Those defenses have become increasingly robust as Western nations contributed some of their most sophisticated weapons. |
| 然而，尽管俄罗斯空中力量占优，由于乌克兰人强大的防空能力，俄罗斯未能在乌克兰全境取得制空权。随着西方国家提供了一些最先进的武器，该防御系统变得越来越强大。 |
| The Ukrainian air force continues to fly combat missions, and Ukrainian planes and helicopters are often seen flying close to the eastern front line. In recent weeks, Poland and Slovakia have supplied Ukraine with replacement MiG-29s, the first transfers the country has received to boost its depleted fleet. Some are not serviceable and will be used for spare parts, Colonel Ihnat said. |
| 乌克兰空军继续执行战斗任务，他们的固定翼飞机和直升机经常在东部前线一带飞行。最近几周，波兰和斯洛伐克向乌克兰提供了用于替换的米格-29，这是乌克兰获得的首批转让，可以充实其日渐枯竭的机队。伊纳特表示，有些飞机无法使用，将用作备件。 |
| Still, Ukrainian jets and helicopters are vulnerable to Russian air defense systems and limit their actions so as not to stray into Russian-controlled territory. Ukrainian jets and attack helicopters have developed a tactic of flying low, unleashing unguided rockets from Ukrainian territory, then immediately backing away to avoid antiaircraft fire. Russian aircraft use similar tactics but have the advantage of superior firepower, which allows them to fire rockets and gliding bombs from a greater distance. |
| 不过，乌克兰的喷气机和直升机很容易受到俄罗斯防空系统的攻击，它们限制自己的行动，避免误入俄罗斯控制的区域。乌克兰的喷气机和武装直升机已经发展出一种低空飞行战术，从乌克兰控制区发射非制导火箭，然后立即后退，以躲避防空火力。俄罗斯飞机也使用类似的战术，但由于火力占优，它们能够从更远的距离发射火箭和滑翔炸弹。 |
| “Russian pilots have been cautious throughout the war,” the RUSI institute report said, “so even a small number of Western fighters could have a major deterrent effect.” |
| “开战以来俄罗斯飞行员一直非常谨慎，”伦敦皇家联合军种防务与安全研究所的报告称，“因此，即使是少量的西方战斗机，也可能产生重大的威慑作用。” |
| Why do the Ukrainians want the F-16? |
| 为什么乌克兰人想要F-16？ |
| The Ukrainians do not want to use the jets only as a deterrent. |
| 乌克兰人不希望将这些战机仅仅用作威慑。 |
| A group of Ukrainian Parliament members speaking at the German Marshall Fund in Washington last month said they wanted the F-16 because its radar can locate targets on the ground hundreds of miles away, allowing pilots to stay safely over Ukrainian-held territory while launching weapons into Russian-occupied areas. |
| 上个月，一群乌克兰议员在华盛顿的德国马歇尔基金会发表讲话时表示，他们希望拥有F-16，因为它的雷达可以定位数百公里外的地面目标，这样飞行员就可以在乌克兰控制的领土上空安全飞行，同时向俄罗斯占领的地区发射武器。 |
| Colonel Ihnat said that in addition to its being used for air defense — that is, to shoot down incoming Russian missiles and drones — the plane could provide cover for Ukrainian troops trying to advance in any counteroffensive. He noted that it could also be used to ward off Russian planes that have started launching guided bombs from at least 30 miles from the Ukrainian front line; to defend the sea route that lets Ukrainian grain leave the country; and to gain air supremacy over the Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine. |
| 伊纳特称，除了用于防空——也就是击落来袭的俄罗斯导弹和无人机——这种飞机还可以为乌克兰军队在反攻中提供掩护。他指出，它还可以用来抵御已经开始从距离乌克兰前线至少48公里处发射制导炸弹的俄罗斯飞机；保卫乌克兰粮食出口的海上通道；并在俄罗斯占领的乌克兰领土上获得制空权。 |
| None of those objectives can be achieved with Ukraine’s current fleet of Soviet-designed aircraft, he said. |
| 他表示，乌克兰现有的苏联设计的飞机无法实现这些目标。 |
| “The fleet is super old,” Colonel Ihnat said. “We have four to five times fewer aircraft than the Russians, and the range of the planes is four to five times less than those of the Russians.” |
| “这支机队非常老旧，”伊纳特说。“俄罗斯的飞机数量是我们的四到五倍，飞机的航程也是我们的四到五倍。” |
| How would the F-16 increase Ukraine’s capabilities? |
| F-16将如何增强乌克兰的能力？ |
| The small, single-engine and highly maneuverable fighter-bomber has long been a mainstay of the United States Air Force, which used it extensively in combat during the 1991 gulf war, in the Balkans, and in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. |
| 这种小型、单引擎、高机动性的战斗轰炸机长期以来一直是美国空军的主力，在1991年的海湾战争、巴尔干半岛战争以及阿富汗和伊拉克战争中被美国空军广泛使用。 |
| According to an Air Force description of the warplane, the F-16 can fly at twice the speed of sound and is able to strike targets on the ground more than 500 miles away while defending itself with air-to-air missiles. |
| 根据美国空军对这款战机的描述，F-16能以两倍音速飞行，可以打击800多公里外的地面目标，同时用空对空导弹进行自卫。 |
| Western and Ukrainian military analysts have said that Ukraine’s air force needs such modern Western fighters and missiles to sustainably counter Russian planes, which have a greater depth of firepower, and to hold their ground against the Russian juggernaut, which has used bombers relentlessly to destroy large cities such as Mariupol and Bakhmut to capture them. |
| 西方和乌克兰的军事分析人士表示，乌克兰空军需要这种现代的西方战斗机和导弹，以持续对抗火力更强的俄罗斯飞机，并在地面据守，与俄罗斯的强大力量对抗。俄罗斯为了占领马里乌波尔和巴赫穆特等大城市大量使用了轰炸机。 |
| Although Mr. Biden does not believe that fighter jets will play an important role on the Ukrainian side of the conflict for a while, providing them is part of the thinking about how to defend Ukraine even after the current phase of the war is over. |
| 尽管拜登不认为战斗机短时间内能在乌克兰一方发挥重要作用，但提供战斗机是考虑到要在战争的当前阶段结束后让乌克兰仍然有能力防御。 |
| Ukrainian officials have long said that Ukraine needs an army equipped and trained to NATO standards with modern aircraft to be able to guard its border with Russia over the long term. The decision to provide F-16s to Ukraine suggests that the Biden administration and its allies now believe that, too, and that even if there is a negotiated end to the fighting — perhaps a Korea-like armistice — Ukraine will need a long-term capability to deter an angry, sanctioned Russia. |
| 乌克兰官员长期以来一直表示，乌克兰需要一支装备和训练符合北约标准的军队，并配备现代飞机，以便能够长期保卫与俄罗斯的边境。向乌克兰提供F-16战斗机的决定表明，拜登政府及其盟友现在也相信这一点，而且即使通过谈判结束战斗——也许是类似朝韩那样的停战协议——乌克兰也需要一种长期的能力来威慑愤怒并受到制裁的俄罗斯。 |
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