| 双语新闻 Bilingual News | 双语对照阅读 分级系列阅读 智能辅助阅读 在线英语学习 |
|
| 双语新闻 Bilingual News | 双语对照阅读 分级系列阅读 智能辅助阅读 在线英语学习 |
| [英文] [中文] [双语对照] [双语交替] [] |
| After Russia invaded Ukraine, the West formed what looked like an overwhelming global coalition: 141 countries supported a United Nations measure demanding that Russia unconditionally withdraw. |
| 俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后，西方形成了一个看似声势浩大的全球联盟：共有141个国家在联合国要求俄罗斯无条件撤军的决议中投了赞成票。 |
| By contrast, Russia seemed isolated. North Korea was one of only four countries that backed Russia and rejected the measure. |
| 相较之下，俄罗斯似乎孤立无援。仅有四个国家支持俄罗斯并反对该决议，其中包括朝鲜。 |
| But the West never won over as much of the world as it initially seemed. Another 47 countries abstained or missed the vote, including India and China. Many of those “neutral” nations have since provided crucial economic or diplomatic support for Russia. |
| 但西方并未像乍看起来的那样赢得了全球那么多人心。还有47个国家投了弃权票或未参加投票，其中包括印度和中国。这些所谓的“中立”国家当中，有许多都为俄罗斯提供至关重要的经济或外交支持。 |
| And even some of the nations that initially agreed to denounce Russia see the war as somebody else’s problem — and have since started moving toward a more neutral position. |
| 连起初同意谴责俄罗斯的一些国家也认定这场战争与己无关——此后也开始转向更为中立的立场。 |
| A year on, it’s becoming clearer: While the West’s core coalition remains remarkably solid, it never convinced the rest of the world to isolate Russia. |
| 一年过去了，形势愈发明朗：尽管西方的核心联盟依然非常稳固，但它从未能说服全世界一起孤立俄罗斯。 |
| Instead of cleaving in two, the world has fragmented. A vast middle sees Russia’s invasion as, primarily, a European and American problem. Rather than view it as an existential threat, these countries are largely focused on protecting their own interests amid the economic and geopolitical upheaval caused by the invasion. |
| 世界没有划出楚河汉界，而是各自为营。在大部分中间派看来，俄罗斯的侵略主要是欧洲和美国的问题。这些国家并不会视之为生存威胁，在入侵制造的经济和地缘政治动荡中，它们最看重的是保全自身利益。 |
| The landscape recalls the many neutral states during the Cold War. But the world is now even more interconnected. The scale and complexity of global communications, economic ties and security links offer far more opportunities for the West’s rivals to gain leverage. |
| 此种形势让人想起冷战时期许多中立国家的做法。但如今，世界的联系已然更加紧密。全球通信、经济往来和安全联系的规模和复杂程度给了西方的对手太多可乘之机。 |
| On Thursday, the U.N. General Assembly endorsed another resolution demanding that Russia withdraw from Ukraine’s territory — but China, South Africa, India and many countries in the global south continued to abstain, underlining their alienation from what they regard as the West’s war. |
| 周四，联合国大会通过了另一项要求俄罗斯从乌克兰领土撤军的决议，但中国、南非、印度及南半球许多国家继续投出弃权票，凸显出它们的疏远态度——在它们看来，这是西方的战争。 |
| Here is how Russia is taking advantage. |
| 以下是俄罗斯如何利用了这一形势的。 |
| Getting around sanctions |
| 绕过制裁 |
| At first, the West’s economic sanctions seemed like they might undermine Moscow’s ability to sustain the war. A U.S.-led campaign, which included 37 countries, rattled the foundations of Russia’s financial system by freezing its foreign-currency reserves and targeting its main banks. |
| 起初，西方的经济制裁似乎打击了莫斯科维持战争的能力。以美国为首的37个国家参与了制裁行动，冻结了俄罗斯的外汇储备，并将其主要银行作为制裁目标，动摇了俄罗斯金融体系的基础。 |
| The sanctions blocked key imports like spare parts for aircraft and semiconductors for electronics. And hundreds of companies voluntarily stopped doing business in Russia, leaving regular Russians without Apple retailers or Netflix subscriptions. |
| 制裁封锁了飞机零部件和电子产品半导体等关键产品的进口。数以百计的企业自愿停止在俄业务，导致俄罗斯民众失去了苹果零售店和Netflix订阅。 |
| But the sanctions have not been as devastating as the West hoped. A handful of countries have filled the gap, increasing exports to Russia well above prewar levels, according to data collected by Silverado Policy Accelerator, a Washington nonprofit. Other countries’ exports decreased when the war began but have since reversed course. |
| 但制裁的打击并不如西方预期那样沉重。位于华盛顿的非营利组织西尔维拉多政策加速器收集的数据显示，有少数国家填补了缺口，对俄罗斯的出口增长远高于战前水平。还有些国家的出口在开战之初有所下降，但随后也已回升。 |
| China and Turkey made up most of the export gap on their own. |
| 仅中国和土耳其两国就能弥补大部分出口缺口。 |
| Chinese passenger vehicles replaced Russia’s past supply from Western manufacturers. China exported more machinery and semiconductors, too. Other goods produced by multinational firms that can no longer be exported directly to Russia are now flowing through post-Soviet states. |
| 中国制造的乘用车取代了西方汽车制造商过去对俄罗斯的供应。中国的机械和半导体出口也在增长。跨国企业生产的其他产品不能再直接出口到俄罗斯，但现在能从前苏国家流入。 |
| Even as Turkey has sold weapons to Ukraine, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has opened up an increased flow of goods to Russia, tearing a hole in the Western dam of sanctions. |
| 即便土耳其向乌克兰出售军火，总统埃尔多安还是增加了对俄货物出口，在西方的制裁大坝上撕开了一道口。 |
| “We have always maintained a policy of balance between Ukraine and Russia,” Mr. Erdogan said in September, six months after Turkey voted with the United States to denounce Russia’s invasion. |
| “我们对乌克兰和俄罗斯一直采取平衡政策，”埃尔多安在9月表示，那是土耳其投票支持美国谴责俄罗斯入侵六个月后。 |
| Altogether, after initially falling post-invasion, trade levels have rebounded because enough countries remain willing to trade with Russia. |
| 总的来说，在入侵之初的出口下滑之后，对俄贸易水平已经反弹，因为有足够多的国家仍然愿意与俄罗斯做生意。 |
| The sanctions could still be devastating to Russia in the long term. They are already stunting foreign investment and starting to drain the government’s coffers. Restrictions on oil trading have forced Russia to cut production. And reorienting the country’s natural gas pipeline infrastructure toward Asia will take years. |
| 从长远来看，制裁仍可能给俄罗斯带来严重打击。制裁措施已经阻拦了外国投资，政府资金储备正逐渐耗尽。石油贸易限制迫使俄罗斯减产。俄罗斯的天然气输气管道转向亚洲也需要数年时间。 |
| But even though Russia’s economy isn’t thriving, it’s strong enough to keep the war going. The International Monetary Fund projected last month that the Russian economy would grow by 0.3 percent this year, a sharp improvement from its previous estimate that it would contract by 2.3 percent. |
| 但俄罗斯经济即使不景气也足以支撑战争继续进行。国际货币基金组织上个月预计，今年俄罗斯经济将增长0.3%，较此前预计的萎缩2.3%有了大幅改善。 |
| Buying weapons and components |
| 购买军火和零部件 |
| The United States and its partners have been dispatching ever more lethal weapons and military equipment directly to Ukraine. And they have attempted to cut off Russia’s own supply of military equipment by imposing export controls that prohibit many companies from selling critical technology to Russia. |
| 美国及其伙伴国家向乌克兰直接输送的致命武器和军事装备越来越多。它们还试图通过出口管制禁止许多企业向俄罗斯出售关键技术，从而切断俄罗斯自身的军事装备供应。 |
| The weapons have helped Ukraine surprise the world and hold off Russia’s much larger military. At least 40 countries have provided military aid to Ukraine, either by sending offensive weapons or by providing other forms of military aid. |
| 在这些武器的帮助下，乌克兰出乎全世界意料地顶住了更强大的俄军的进攻。至少有40个国家向乌克兰提供了军事援助，包括运送进攻性武器和其他形式的军事援助。 |
| But the effort to deprive Russia of military equipment has been less successful. Russia has found help here, too. North Korea has shipped “a significant number” of artillery shells to Russia, the United States has said. Iran has provided Russia with unmanned “kamikaze” drones that Moscow has deployed for attacks against civilian infrastructure in Ukraine. |
| 然而，剥夺俄罗斯军事装备的努力并不算太成功。在这一问题上，俄罗斯同样得到了帮助。美国宣称，朝鲜已向俄罗斯运送了“大量”炮弹。伊朗向俄罗斯提供了“神风”无人机，莫斯科已将这些无人机用于攻击乌克兰的民用基础设施。 |
| And other countries, including China, have continued to supply Russia with dual-use goods like microchips that make their way into military equipment. |
| 包括中国在内的其他国家继续向俄罗斯提供军民两用产品，如可用于军事装备的微芯片。 |
| To be sure, analysts say Russia does appear to be facing a shortage of precision weaponry, like cruise missiles, that require high-tech equipment. And Russian soldiers report a lack of night-vision equipment and surveillance drones on the front line. |
| 当然，分析人士表示，俄罗斯似乎确实面临精确武器的短缺，比如依赖于高科技设备的巡航导弹。俄罗斯士兵也报告了前线夜视设备和侦察无人机的缺乏。 |
| Taking advantage of global ambivalence |
| 利用全球的矛盾心理 |
| A lot of world leaders don’t particularly like the idea of one country invading another. But many of them aren’t unhappy to see somebody stand up to the United States, either. |
| 很多世界领导人不太喜欢一个国家入侵另一个国家的想法。但他们中的许多人也乐于看到有人站出来对抗美国。 |
| Throughout Africa, Latin America, Asia and the Middle East, many governments with strong official ties to the United States and Europe don’t see the war as a global threat. Instead, they’ve positioned themselves as neutral bystanders or arbiters, preserving as much flexibility as they can. |
| 在非洲、拉丁美洲、亚洲和中东地区，许多与美国和欧洲有着密切官方关系的政府并不认为这场战争是一种全球性威胁。相反，他们将自己定位为中立的旁观者或仲裁者，尽可能地保留余地。 |
| Reaction to the invasion was mixed in Asia, where more than a third of countries declined to condemn Russia in the initial U.N. vote. While most American allies have fallen in line, Russia has been able to take advantage of trade relationships and friendly public opinion dating to the Cold War. |
| 亚洲国家对俄罗斯入侵的反应不一，在联合国最初的投票中，超过三分之一的国家拒绝谴责俄罗斯。虽然美国的大多数盟友都与美国保持一致，但俄罗斯一直能够利用自冷战以来的贸易关系和友好的公众舆论。 |
| At the beginning of the invasion, the United States asked India to buy less oil from Russia. Since then, it has softened its stance as India has continually defied alignment with either side. As tensions increase along India’s border with China, experts have said India doesn’t feel it can risk its relationship with Russia — a key source for weapons. |
| 在入侵之初，美国要求印度减少从俄罗斯购买石油。此后随着印度一直不愿与任何一方结盟，这一立场有所软化。在印度与中国边境的紧张局势加剧之际，专家们表示，印度认为不能拿它与俄罗斯的关系冒险，后者是印度的主要武器来源。 |
| Gulf countries voted alongside the West to condemn Russia, but they have since largely sought to be seen as neutral arbiters. |
| 海湾国家与西方国家一起投票谴责俄罗斯，但是自那以后，它们在很大程度上寻求被视为中立的仲裁者。 |
| President Mohamed Bin Zayed of the United Arab Emirates traveled to Russia to meet with President Vladimir V. Putin and said he sought to find a diplomatic solution. He also offered up an Abu Dhabi airfield for the Brittney Griner prisoner exchange. |
| 阿拉伯联合酋长国总统穆罕默德·本·扎耶德前往俄罗斯，会见了俄罗斯总统普京，并表示他寻求通过外交途径解决问题。他还提供了阿布扎比机场用于布里特妮·格里纳的换囚地点。 |
| Dubai, in particular, has become a hub for Russians — a haven for oligarchs and pro-Kremlin elites where Western sanctions cannot reach. And Saudi Arabia has said it must pursue its own interests, even if that causes friction in its longstanding relationship with the U.S. |
| 迪拜尤其已成为俄罗斯人的一个中心——一个西方制裁无法触及的寡头和亲克里姆林宫权贵的天堂。而沙特阿拉伯曾表示，它必须追求自己的利益，即使这会导致与美国的长期关系出现摩擦。 |
| Nearly half of African countries abstained or were absent from the vote to condemn Russia, suggesting a growing reluctance in many nations to accept an American narrative of right and wrong. Russia has won friends through relentless propaganda and hard power, with a growing number of countries contracting with Russian mercenaries and buying Russian weapons. |
| 将近一半的非洲国家在谴责俄罗斯的投票中弃权或缺席，这表明许多国家越来越不愿意接受美国的是非观。俄罗斯通过不懈的宣传和硬实力赢得了朋友，越来越多的国家与俄罗斯雇佣军签约，购买俄罗斯武器。 |
| In South Africa, ties to Russia go back to Soviet support to end apartheid. Its leaders have seen an opportunity to align more closely with Russia, while filling in trade gaps left by Europe and the United States. But like many other African countries, South Africa appears careful to balance its growing ties with Russia against maintaining a relationship with the West. |
| 在南非，与俄罗斯的关系可以追溯到苏联对结束种族隔离制度的支持。其领导人看到了与俄罗斯更紧密结盟的机会，同时填补欧洲和美国留下的贸易空白。但与许多其他非洲国家一样，南非似乎小心翼翼地在同俄罗斯日益密切的关系与同西方的关系之间保持平衡。 |
| Latin America, with its longstanding relationships with the United States, voted largely alongside its northern neighbor to condemn Russia. But cracks have begun to show more prominently in recent months. |
| 与美国有着长期关系的拉丁美洲基本上与其北方邻国一起投票谴责俄罗斯。但最近几个月，裂痕开始更加明显。 |
| Colombia recently refused a request from the United States to provide weapons to Ukraine. And when visited by Chancellor Olaf Scholz of Germany last month, President Luis Ignacio Lula da Silva of Brazil declined to speak in support of Ukraine, saying, “I think the reason for the war between Russia and Ukraine needs to be clearer.” |
| 哥伦比亚最近拒绝了美国提出的向乌克兰提供武器的请求。德国总理肖尔茨上月访问巴西时，巴西总统路易斯·伊格纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦拒绝发表支持乌克兰的言论，他说，“我认为俄罗斯和乌克兰之间发生战争的原因需要弄清楚。” |
| Trying to weaken the core Western coalition |
| 试图削弱西方核心联盟的力量 |
| Several dozen countries make up the core group backing Ukraine by providing military assistance or sanctioning Russia. |
| 几十个国家组成了核心集团，通过提供军事援助或制裁俄罗斯来支持乌克兰。 |
| Western unity during the war has proven remarkable, with countries long seen as relatively friendly toward Russia — like Germany, France and Italy — remaining staunchly behind Ukraine. NATO, declared “braindead” by President Emmanuel Macron of France in 2019, once again serves the clear purpose of protecting the Western alliance from Russian attack. |
| 事实证明，战争期间西方国家的团结令人瞩目，德国、法国和意大利等长期以来被视为对俄罗斯相对友好的国家仍然坚定地支持乌克兰。2019年被法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙宣布为“脑死亡”的北约，再次实现了保护西方联盟不受俄罗斯攻击的明确目标。 |
| But even among Western countries, the unity has not been perfect. Hungary has technically sanctioned Russia as a member of the European Union, but under leader Viktor Orban it has been a persistent outlier in support for Ukraine within the E.U. Hungary delayed several E.U. decisions that required unanimous support. |
| 但即使在西方国家之间，这种团结也不是完美的。作为欧盟成员国，匈牙利严格来说实施了对俄罗斯的制裁，但在欧尔班的领导下，匈牙利一直是欧盟内部对支持乌克兰并不热心的“局外人”。它推迟了几项需要一致支持的欧盟决定。 |
| Others that provided Ukraine with military support have declined to impose economic sanctions on Russia. |
| 还有一些向乌克兰提供军事支持的国家拒绝对俄罗斯实施经济制裁。 |
| And a much smaller group of countries have done everything: imposed sanctions, provided heavy weapons — such as tanks, armored vehicles and air defense missile systems — and committed at least 0.1 percent of G.D.P. as bilateral aid to Ukraine, according to data from the Kiel Institute for the World Economy. |
| 只有很少几个国家是竭尽所能的：实施制裁，提供重型武器——比如坦克、装甲车和防空导弹系统，并且——根据基尔世界经济研究所的数据——将GDP的至少0.1%投入到对乌克兰的双边援助中。 |
| As the war passes the one-year mark, Russia’s strategy is clear: to wait out the West. Eventually, Mr. Putin is betting, European countries worried about the war’s toll on their economies and their politics will drop their support for sanctions and weapons deliveries. The countries across Asia, the Middle East and Africa that are already neutral in the conflict will continue to increase trade with Russia. |
| 战争已经过去一年，俄罗斯的策略很明确：等待西方出局。普京认为，担心战争对本国经济和政治造成损失的欧洲国家最终会放弃对制裁以及武器供应的支持。在这场冲突中已经保持中立的亚洲、中东和非洲国家将继续增加与俄罗斯的贸易。 |
| And perhaps even the United States, with its presidential election next year, will tire of war and will pressure Ukraine to give in to Mr. Putin. |
| 也许就连美国在明年的总统选举中也会对战争感到厌倦，并向乌克兰施压，迫使其向普京让步。 |
| How unified the West can remain — and how much of the world it is able to keep at least partly on its side — could well determine the outcome of the conflict. |
| 西方如何保持一致——以及能让世界上多少人至少一定程度上站在它的一边——很可能决定冲突的结果。 |
OK阅读网 版权所有(C)2017 | 联系我们