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| WASHINGTON — President Biden and his top officials vowed this week to introduce additional sanctions aimed at impeding Russia’s war efforts against Ukraine. But the administration’s focus is increasingly shifting to the role that China has played in supplying Russia with goods that have both civilian and military uses. |
| 华盛顿——拜登总统和他的高级官员本周郑重宣布，将采取进一步制裁行动以阻止俄罗斯在乌克兰的战争。但美国政府的焦点正在越来越多地转向中国在向俄罗斯提供民用和军用物资方面所发挥的作用。 |
| As one of the world’s biggest manufacturers of products like electronics, drones and vehicle parts, China has proved to be a particularly crucial economic partner for Russia. |
| 中国是世界上最大的电子产品、无人机和汽车零部件等产品的制造商之一，事实已证明，中国是俄罗斯至关重要的经济伙伴。 |
| Beijing has remained officially unaligned in the war. Yet China, along with countries like Turkey and some former Soviet republics, has stepped in to supply Russia with large volumes of products that either civilians or armed forces could use, including raw materials, smartphones, vehicles and computer chips, trade data shows. |
| 中国政府在俄乌战争上的官方立场是保持中立。然而，贸易数据显示，中国与土耳其和一些苏联前加盟共和国都已向俄罗斯提供大量可供民用或军用的产品，包括原材料、智能手机、车辆和计算机芯片。 |
| Administration officials are now expressing concern that China could further aid Russia’s incursion by providing Moscow with lethal weapons. While there is no clear evidence that China has given weapons and ammunition to Russia, Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken warned in recent days that China may be preparing to do so. |
| 美国政府官员现已表示担心中国可能会向莫斯科提供致命武器，进一步帮助俄罗斯入侵。虽然尚无明确证据表明中国向俄罗斯提供了武器和弹药，但美国国务卿布林肯最近警告，中国可能正在准备这样做。 |
| President Biden, speaking in Kyiv on Monday, said the United States and its partners would announce new measures targeting sanctions evasion this week. He did not specify whether those actions would be directed at Moscow or its trading partners. |
| 拜登周一在基辅发表讲话时表示，美国及其合作伙伴将在本周宣布打击规避制裁的新措施。他没有具体说明这些措施是针对莫斯科的还是针对俄罗斯贸易伙伴的。 |
| “Together we have made sure that Russia is paying the price for its abuses,” he said the next day in Warsaw. |
| “我们已共同确保了要让俄罗斯为滥用武力付出代价，”拜登周二在华沙说。 |
| And in a speech on Tuesday at the Council on Foreign Relations, Wally Adeyemo, the deputy Treasury secretary, said the United States would be working “to identify and shut down the specific channels through which Russia attempts to equip and fund its military.” |
| 美国财政部副部长沃利·阿德耶莫周二在外交关系委员会发表讲话时称，美国将努力“查明并关闭俄罗斯试图装备其军队、为军队提供资金的具体渠道”。 |
| “Our counterevasion efforts will deny Russia access to the dual-use goods being used for the war and cut off these repurposed manufacturing facilities from the inputs needed to fill Russia’s production gaps,” he said. |
| “我们打击规避制裁的努力，将阻止俄罗斯获得其在战争中使用的军民两用产品，切断这些可转移用途的生产设施向俄罗斯输入弥补其制造缺口所需的零部件，”他说。 |
| The comments came on the same day that Wang Yi, China’s top diplomat, visited Moscow. |
| 他发表这番话是在中国最高外交官王毅访问莫斯科的同一天。 |
| The actions that the United States has taken against Russia in partnership with more than 30 countries constitute the broadest set of sanctions and export controls ever imposed against a major economy. But this regime still has its limits. |
| 美国已与30多个国家合作对俄罗斯实施制裁，这是有史以来针对一个主要经济体采取的范围最广的制裁和出口管制。但这些行动仍有局限性。 |
| One year into the war, the Russian economy is stagnant, but not crippled. The country has lost direct access to coveted Western consumer brands and imports of the most advanced technology, like semiconductors. But individuals and companies around the world have stepped in to provide Russia with black market versions of these same products, or cheaper alternatives made in China or other countries. |
| 在俄乌战争进入第二年之际，俄罗斯的经济虽然停滞不前，但并未受到严重损害。俄罗斯已不能得到国人渴望的西方消费品牌，也无法进口半导体等最先进的技术。但世界各地的个人和公司已经介入，为俄罗斯提供这些相同产品的黑市版本，或者中国等国家制造的便宜替代品。 |
| In particular, the United States and its allies appear to have had limited success in stopping the trade of so-called dual-use technologies that can be used in both military equipment and consumer goods. |
| 特别是在阻断可作为军事装备，又可作为消费品的所谓两用技术贸易方面，美国及其盟国似乎收效甚微。 |
| The United States included many types of dual-use goods in the export controls it issued against Russia last February, because the goods can be repurposed for military uses. Aircraft parts that civilian airlines can use, for example, may be repurposed by the Russian Air Force, while semiconductors in washing machines and electronics might be used for tanks or other weaponry. |
| 美国去年2月针对俄罗斯宣布的出口管制单上包括了多种军民两用商品，因为这些商品可以改为新的军事用途。例如，用于民用航空的飞机部件，可能会被俄罗斯空军稍加改动用于军用，而洗衣机和电子产品中的半导体可能会被用在坦克或其他武器上。 |
| Top U.S. officials warned their Chinese counterparts against supporting Russia’s war effort after the invasion of Ukraine last year, saying there would be firm consequences. While China has been careful not to cross that line, it has provided support for Russia in other ways, including through active trade in certain goods. |
| 俄罗斯去年入侵乌克兰后，美国高级官员曾警告中国官员不要支持俄罗斯的战争，并称那样做会有严重后果。虽然中国一直谨慎地避免越过这条线，但仍在其他方面为俄罗斯提供支持，包括某些商品的活跃贸易。 |
| The United States has cracked down on some of the companies and organizations providing goods and services to Russia. In January, it imposed sanctions on a Chinese company that had provided satellite imagery to the Wagner mercenary group, which has played a large role in the battle for eastern Ukraine. In December, it added two Chinese research institutes to a list of entities that supply the Russian military, which will restrict their access to U.S. technology. |
| 美国已对一些向俄罗斯提供商品和服务的公司和组织进行了打击。今年1月，美国对一家曾向瓦格纳雇佣军集团提供卫星图像的中国公司实施了制裁，该集团在乌克兰东部的战斗中起过重要作用。去年12月，美国将两家中国研究机构列入了向俄罗斯军方提供物资的实体名单，这将让它们获得美国技术的能力受到限制。 |
| But tracking by research firms shows that trade in goods that the Russian military effort can use has flourished. According to the Observatory of Economic Complexity, an online data platform, shipments from China to Russia of aluminum oxide, a metal that can be used in armored vehicles, personal protective equipment and ballistic shields, soared by more than 25 times from 2021 to 2022. |
| 但研究公司的追踪表明，可用于俄罗斯军事行动的商品交易一直在蓬勃发展。据在线数据平台“经济复杂性观察站”的数据，从中国发往俄罗斯的氧化铝（一种可用于装甲车、个人防护设备和防弹盾牌的材料）货运量从2021年到2022年猛增了 25倍以上。 |
| Shipments of minerals and chemicals used in the production of missile casings, bullets, explosives and propellants have also increased, according to the Observatory of Economic Complexity. And China shipped $23 million worth of drones and $33 million worth of certain aircraft and spacecraft parts to Russia last year, up from zero the prior year, according to the group’s data. |
| 据经济复杂性观察站的数据，用于生产导弹外壳、子弹、炸药和推进剂的矿物和化学制品的货运量也出现了增长。据该组织的数据，中国去年向俄罗斯出口了价值2300万美元的无人机和价值3300万美元的某些飞机和航天器部件，这两项出口在前年都为零。 |
| Data from Silverado Policy Accelerator, a Washington nonprofit, shows that Russian imports of integrated circuits, or chips, which are crucial in rebuilding tanks, aircraft, communications devices and weaponry, plummeted immediately after the invasion but crept up over the past year. |
| 华盛顿非营利组织Silverado Policy Accelerator的数据显示，俄罗斯的集成电路或芯片进口在入侵乌克兰后曾马上出现过直线下降，但已在过去一年中逐渐回升。芯片对修复坦克、飞机、通信设备和武器装备至关重要。 |
| In December, Russia’s imports of chips had recovered to more than two-thirds of their value last February, just before the war began, according to Silverado. China and Hong Kong, in particular, together accounted for nearly 90 percent of global chip exports to Russia by value from March to December. |
| 据Silverado，去年12月，俄罗斯的芯片进口额已恢复到去年2月战争开始前的三分之二以上。从去年3月到12月，中国和香港累计向俄罗斯出口的芯片，按交易额算，已占到全球的近90%。 |
| Shipments from China to Russia of smart cards, light-emitting diodes, polysilicon, semiconductor manufacturing equipment and other goods have also risen, the firm said. |
| 该组织说，从中国发往俄罗斯的智能卡、发光二极管、多晶硅、半导体制造设备和其他商品的货运量也在增长。 |
| Relations between the United States and China have soured in recent weeks after the flight of a Chinese surveillance balloon across the United States early this month. But divisions over Russia are further straining geopolitical ties. A meeting between Mr. Blinken and Mr. Wang, his Chinese counterpart, on the sidelines of the Munich Security Conference on Saturday night was particularly tense. |
| 中国间谍气球本月初飞越美国后，美中关系已在近几周恶化。但有关俄罗斯的分歧正在进一步加剧地缘政治关系的紧张局面。上周六晚，布林肯和中国级别最高的外交官王毅在慕尼黑安全会议期间举行了一次气氛尤为紧张的会晤。 |
| U.S. officials have been sharing information on China’s activities with allies and partners in their meetings in Munich, a person familiar with the matter said. |
| 一名知情人士称，美国官员一直在慕尼黑与盟友和合作伙伴见面时分享有关中国行动的信息。 |
| On “Face the Nation” on Sunday, Mr. Blinken said he had shared concerns with Mr. Wang that China was considering providing weapons and ammunition to aid Russia’s campaign in Ukraine, and that such an action would have “serious consequences” for the U.S.-Chinese relationship. |
| 布林肯在周日的《面向全国》节目中表示，他与王毅分享了美国的担忧——美国担心中国正在考虑向俄罗斯提供武器和弹药，以帮助其在乌克兰的战争行动。他还告诉王毅，那样做将给美中关系带来“严重后果”。 |
| “To date, we have seen Chinese companies — and, of course, in China, there’s really no distinction between private companies and the state — we have seen them provide nonlethal support to Russia for use in Ukraine,” Mr. Blinken said. |
| “到目前为止，我们已看到中国公司——而且，当然，中国的私营公司和国有企业其实没有区别——我们已看到它们在向俄罗斯提供非致命的支持，供他们在乌克兰使用，”布林肯说。 |
| “The concern that we have now is, based on information we have, that they’re considering providing lethal support,” he added. “And we’ve made very clear to them that that would cause a serious problem for us and in our relationship.” |
| “我们现在担心的是，根据我们掌握的信息，中国正在考虑提供可致命的支持，”他补充说。“我们已经向他们明确表示，那会给我们和我们的关系带来严重的问题。” |
| U.S. officials have emphasized that China by itself is limited in its ability to supply Russia with all the goods it needs. China does not produce the most advanced types of semiconductors, for example, and restrictions imposed by the United States in October will prevent Beijing from buying some of the most advanced types of chips, and the equipment used to make them, from other parts of the world. |
| 美国官员强调，中国靠自己向俄罗斯提供其需要的所有商品的能力有限。例如，中国不生产最先进的半导体，而美国去年10月实施的出口限制将阻止北京从美国以外的地方购买某些最先进的芯片、以及用于制造这些芯片的设备。 |
| Russia is unable to produce precision missiles today because the country no longer has access to leading-edge semiconductors made by the United States, Taiwan, South Korea and other allied sources, a senior administration official said on Monday. |
| 一名高级政府官员周一表示，俄罗斯目前已无法生产精确制导的导弹，因为该国不再能够获得美国、台湾、韩国和其他盟国制造的尖端半导体。 |
| “While we are concerned about Russia’s deepening ties with them, Beijing cannot give the Kremlin what it does not have, because China does not produce the advanced semiconductors Russia needs,” Mr. Adeyemo said during his remarks. “And nearly 40 percent of the less advanced microchips Russia is receiving from China are defective.” |
| “虽然我们担心俄罗斯与中国的关系不断加深，但中国政府无法把他们没有的东西提供给克里姆林宫，因为中国不生产俄罗斯需要的先进半导体，”阿德耶莫在讲话中说。“俄罗斯从中国得到的不太先进的微芯片中，有近40%有缺陷。” |
| But Ivan Kanapathy, a former China director for the National Security Council, said that most of what Russia needed for its weapons were less advanced chips, which are manufactured in plenty in China. |
| 但曾在国家安全委员会担任中国事务主管的伊万·卡纳帕西说，俄罗斯武器所需的芯片大部分都不是最先进的，中国能大量生产这类芯片。 |
| “The U.S. government is very well aware that our export control system is designed in a way that really relies on a cooperative host government, which we don’t have in this case,” Mr. Kanapathy said. |
| “美国政府非常清楚，我们出口管制系统的设计方式确实依赖于东道国政府的合作，而我们在目前情况下没有这种合作，”卡纳帕西说。 |
| He added that it was “quite easy” for parties to circumvent export control through the use of front companies, or by altering the names and addresses of entities. “China is quite adept at that.” |
| 他补充说，实体通过使用幌子公司或更改名称和地址来规避出口管制“相当容易。中国在这方面相当擅长。” |
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