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| WASHINGTON — The Netherlands and Japan, both makers of some of the world’s most advanced equipment for manufacturing semiconductors, agreed on Friday to join with the United States in barring some shipments of their most high-tech machinery to China, people familiar with the agreement said. |
| 华盛顿——荷兰与日本都有能力制造属于全球最先进水平的半导体设备，知情人士称，两国均在周五同意与美国一道，禁止向中国出口部分最尖端的设备。 |
| The agreement, which followed high-level meetings with U.S. national security officials in Washington, will help expand the reach of sweeping restrictions issued unilaterally by the Biden administration in October on the kinds of semiconductor technology that can be shared with China. |
| 两国在华盛顿与美国国家安全官员进行高层会议后达成了该协议，它有助于扩大拜登政府10月就可与中国共享的半导体技术种类单方面发布的全面限制的范围。 |
| The countries did not publicly announce the agreement, because of its sensitivity, and details remain unclear. But the deal seems likely to put technology industries in the countries on a more even footing, preventing companies in Japan and the Netherlands from rushing in to claim market share in China that has been abandoned by U.S. firms. American companies have said that possibility would put them at a disadvantage. |
| 由于协议的敏感性，各方都没有公开宣布，其细节尚不清楚。但该协议似乎可能让各国科技产业发展更加均衡，防止日本与荷兰的企业涌入中国，抢占美国企业已经放弃的市场份额。美国企业已经表示，这种可能性将使它们处于不利地位。 |
| The White House and the Dutch government declined to comment. The Japanese government did not immediately respond to a request for comment. |
| 白宫与荷兰政府拒绝置评。日本政府没有立即回应置评请求。 |
| The United States imposed strict controls in October on the sale to China of both semiconductors and the machines used to make them, arguing that Beijing could use the technology for military purposes, like breaking American codes or guiding hypersonic missiles. But well before those restrictions were issued, the United States had been pressing the Netherlands and Japan to further limit the advanced technology they export to China. |
| 去年10月，美国对向中国出售半导体及半导体制造设备实施了严格管控，称中国可能将此技术用于军事目的，比如破译美国密码或制导高超音速导弹。但早在颁布这些限制措施之前，美国一直在向荷兰与日本施压，要求两国进一步限制对华出口的先进技术。 |
| The October rules also clamped down on certain shipments to China from countries outside the United States. Using a novel regulation called the foreign direct product rule, the Biden administration barred companies that use American technology, software or inputs from selling certain advanced semiconductors to China. But these measures applied only to chips, not the machinery used to make them. |
| 去年10月颁布的规定还限制了美国境外的国家向中国出口某些货物。拜登政府利用一项名为“外国直接产品规则”的新规，禁止使用美国技术、软件或投入的企业对华出售某些先进半导体。但这些措施仅适用于芯片，而非芯片制造设备。 |
| Instead, the White House continued to press allies to pass restrictions limiting the sales of semiconductor manufacturing equipment by firms like the Dutch company ASML or Tokyo Electron in Japan. The White House argued that the sale of this advanced machinery to China created the danger that Beijing could one day make its own versions of the advanced products it could no longer buy from the United States. |
| 于是，白宫继续向盟友施压，要求他们通过限制措施，限制荷兰阿斯麦或日本东京威力科创等企业的半导体制造设备销售。白宫认为，向中国销售此类先进设备会导致一个问题，即中国有朝一日可能造出无法从美国购买的先进产品。 |
| The negotiations, which are likely to continue, have had to overcome both commercial and logistical concerns. Like the Americans, the Dutch and Japanese were concerned that if they pulled out of the Chinese market, foreign competitors would take their place, said Emily Benson, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Relations, a Washington think tank. Over time, that “could impact their ability to maintain a technological edge over competitors,” she said. |
| 谈判可能持续进行，它必须解决商业和协作上的顾虑。华盛顿智库战略与国际研究中心高级研究员艾米莉·本森表示，和美国人一样，荷兰人与日本人也担心，如果退出中国市场，外国竞争对手就会取而代之。随着时间推移，这“可能会影响他们保持对竞争对手技术优势的能力”，她说。 |
| The Dutch government has already forbidden sales of its most advanced semiconductor machinery, called extreme ultraviolet lithography systems, to China. But the United States has encouraged the Dutch to also limit a slightly less advanced system, called deep ultraviolet lithography. The deal reached Friday includes at least some restrictions on that equipment, according to one person familiar with its terms. |
| 荷兰政府已经对华禁售该国最先进的半导体设备——极深紫外光刻机。但美国鼓励荷兰同样限制深紫外线光刻机这一稍欠先进的系统。据一名知情人士透露，周五达成的协议至少包括对该设备的一些限制。 |
| Governments have also faced questions about whether they possess the legal authority to issue restrictions like the United States, as well as extensive technical discussions about which technologies to restrict. Japan and the Netherlands will still likely require some time to make changes to their laws and regulations to put new restrictions in place, Ms. Benson added, and it could take months or years for restrictions in the three countries to mirror one another. |
| 两国政府面临的问题还包括他们是否像美国那样，拥有颁布限制措施的法律权威，以及关于限制哪些技术的广泛专业讨论。本森补充称，日本与荷兰可能仍需要一段时间来修订法律法规，才能实施新的限制措施，三方的限制可能得在数月乃至数年之后才能相互呼应。 |
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