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| It is the disintegration of the U.S.S.R. that President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia says he wants to remedy by waging war against Ukraine; it is the legacy of Moscow’s dominance that Ukrainians hope to free themselves of by defeating Moscow. |
| 俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·V·普京说，对乌克兰发动的战争是对苏联解体的补救；乌克兰人希望击败莫斯科，是想要摆脱被莫斯科统治的遗留问题。 |
| It was supposed to be “a voluntary association of peoples with equal rights,” one that would guarantee the “peaceful coexistence and fraternal cooperation of peoples” while serving as “a faithful bulwark against world capitalism.” |
| 这本应是“具有平等权利的人民的自愿联合”，保证“人民的和平共处和兄弟般的合作”，同时作为“反对世界资本主义的忠实堡垒”。 |
| It was to be called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. |
| 它被称为苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟。 |
| On Dec. 30, 1922, in a meeting at Moscow’s Bolshoi Theater of Communist delegates from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Caucasus region, the Soviet Union was born. |
| 1922年12月30日，来自俄罗斯、乌克兰、白俄罗斯和高加索地区的共产党代表在莫斯科大剧院举行会议，苏联诞生了。 |
| The result was the largest country by landmass in modern history, spanning two continents, which emerged victorious in 1945 with the Western Allies in the most destructive war known to man. The Soviet Union killed millions in famine and the Gulag prison camps, deported millions of members of ethnic minority groups from their homes, and kept Europe divided and unfree for two generations. It put the first satellite into orbit and the first person into space, while engaging in an arms race that created nuclear arsenals big enough to extinguish human life on Earth. |
| 于是就有了现代历史上陆地面积最大的国家，横跨两个大洲，并于1945年与西方盟国在人类所知的最具破坏性的战争中取得胜利。数百万人死于苏联的饥荒和古拉格集中营，数百万少数民族被驱逐出家园，造成欧洲两代人的分裂和不自由。它将第一颗卫星送入轨道，第一次将人送上太空，同时参与军备竞赛，制造出足以灭绝人类的核武库。 |
| And it lasted less than seven decades, ending with the strokes of politicians’ pens in December 1991. |
| 它持续了不到70年。1991年12月，苏联通过政治人士签署的协议解体。 |
| But a full century after the founding of the U.S.S.R., the shadow it cast has grown only deeper; its imprint on history only more tragic. It is the disintegration of the Soviet Union that President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia, in his convoluted logic, says he wants to remedy by waging war against Ukraine; it is the legacy of Moscow’s dominance that Ukrainians hope to free themselves of by defeating Russia. |
| 但在苏联成立整整一个世纪之后，它投下的阴影却更深了；它在历史上的烙印只会更具悲剧性。俄罗斯总统普京用他令人费解的逻辑说，对乌克兰发动的战争是对苏联解体的补救；乌克兰人希望击败莫斯科，是想要摆脱被莫斯科统治的遗留问题。 |
| A rose-colored view of a Soviet Union globally respected, thriving and content has become part of Mr. Putin’s ideology in the war, driving a nostalgia for empire that the Kremlin’s propaganda is fueling not just among older generations who remember the Soviet era, but also among young people who do not. In Ukraine, where Soviet symbols and street names are now outlawed, that history is increasingly seen through the prism of the deprivations that Ukrainians endured. |
| 苏联曾经繁荣、富足，得到举世尊敬，这种戴着玫瑰色眼镜看过去的态度，已经成为普京在战争中的意识形态的一部分，引发了对帝国的怀旧情绪，克里姆林宫的宣传不仅在记得苏联时代的老一代人中助长了这种情绪，在没有经历过苏联的年轻人中也是如此。在乌克兰，苏联标志和街道名称现已被取代，人们越来越多地通过乌克兰人所遭受的剥夺来看待这段历史。 |
| “Ukrainians went through genocide,” President Volodymyr Zelensky said in November, referring to the Holodomor famine of 1932 and 1933 that killed millions. “And today we are doing everything possible and impossible to stop Russia’s new genocidal policies.” |
| “乌克兰人经历了种族灭绝，”总统弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基在11月说，他指的是1932年和1933年造成数百万人死亡的乌克兰大饥荒。“今天，我们正在尽一切可能，甚至尝试不可能的努力，来阻止俄罗斯的新种族灭绝政策。” |
| With the layered realities of the Soviet past looming over the war in Ukraine, editors of The New York Times pored over thousands of archival photographs to create a look back at the Soviet Union and its people. Here is their selection. |
| 苏联的过去笼罩着乌克兰战争，在这样的现实中，《纽约时报》的编辑们仔细研究了数千张档案照片，以回顾苏联及其人民。以下是他们选择的照片。 |
| The Russian Communist leader Vladimir Lenin giving a speech in Moscow in May 1920 to men of the Red Army leaving for the front during the Polish-Soviet War. |
| 1920年5月，苏俄共产党领导人弗拉基米尔·列宁在莫斯科向参加波苏战争的红军士兵发表讲话。 |
| A couple with their starving children during a famine in the Soviet Union circa 1922. |
| 1922年前后的苏联饥荒中，一对夫妇带着挨饿的孩子。 |
| Soviet officials displaying the Russian crown jewels in 1922. Russia’s last czar, Nicholas II, had been killed along with his family four years earlier. |
| 1922年，苏联官员展示俄罗斯帝国的皇室珠宝。四年前，俄罗斯帝国末代沙皇尼古拉二世及其家人被杀。 |
| Farmers marching to the collective fields in a Russian town in 1931. Forced collectivization of agriculture under Joseph Stalin, Lenin’s successor as the Soviet leader, drove a wave of famine in the early 1930s. It was particularly deadly in Ukraine, where it killed millions and became known as the Holodomor, meaning “death by hunger.” Many historians say Stalin orchestrated the famine there. |
| 1931年，农民在俄罗斯小镇的集体农田里游行。列宁的继任者、苏联领导人约瑟夫·斯大林强制实行农业集体化，在1930年代初期引发了一波饥荒。这场饥荒在乌克兰尤其致命，导致数百万人死亡，并被称为“Holodomor”，意为“饿死”。许多历史学家说那里的饥荒是斯大林策划的。 |
| Leon Trotsky at his home in Turkey in 1931. A key revolutionary leader, he was exiled from the Soviet Union in the late 1920s after losing a power struggle with Stalin, and was eventually assassinated in Mexico in 1940. |
| 1931年，列夫·托洛茨基在他位于土耳其的家中。他是一位重要的革命领袖，在与斯大林的权力斗争失败后，于1920年代后期被流放出苏联，最终于1940年在墨西哥被暗杀。 |
| Members of a collective farm near Moscow, New Life, left their children in a nursery before going to work in 1931. |
| 1931年，莫斯科附近的新生命集体农场，农民在去劳动前把孩子留在托儿所。 |
| Stalin in his office in 1932. He would be the Soviet Union’s dictator for almost three decades, presiding over murderous repression and a ruthless drive to become a world industrial and military power. |
| 1932年，斯大林在他的办公室里。他将独裁统治苏联近三十年，主持残忍的镇压，并无情地推动苏联成为世界工业和军事强国。 |
| Homeless peasants near Kyiv, Ukraine, in the 1930s. |
| 1930年代乌克兰基辅附近无家可归的农民。 |
| Soldiers from the Soviet Union marching along the coast line of the Arctic Ocean in 1939. |
| 1939年，苏联士兵沿着北冰洋海岸线行进。 |
| Soviet soldiers distributing Moscow newspapers near Vilna, Poland, in 1939. Soviet troops entered the country from the east weeks after Nazi Germany invaded from the west, and shortly after the two powers signed a secret deal to divide the territory, alongside a public nonaggression treaty. |
| 1939年，苏联士兵在波兰维尔纳附近分发莫斯科报纸。在纳粹德国从西部入侵几周后，苏联军队从东部进入该国，不久之后，两国签署了一项分割领土的秘密协议以及公开的互不侵犯条约。 |
| Russian prisoners of war taken during fighting in Ukraine on their way to a Nazi prison camp in September 1941. Hitler had begun his assault on the Soviet Union that June, casting aside his promises and, by forcing Stalin into an all-out conflict, transforming the prospects of the Allied side in World War II. |
| 1941年9月，在乌克兰的战斗中被俘的俄罗斯士兵在被押往纳粹战俘营的途中。希特勒违背承诺，于当年6月开始对苏联发动进攻，迫使斯大林发动全面战争，转变了盟军在二战中的境况。 |
| Women and men digging anti-tank trenches in Leningrad in 1941. The city, which after the Soviet era regained its original name, Saint Petersburg, endured more than two years of a siege that killed about a million civilians. |
| 1941年，人们在列宁格勒挖掘反坦克战壕。这座城市经历了两年多的围困，造成大约100万平民丧生。苏联解体后该市恢复原名圣彼得堡。 |
| Soviet troops trench fighting during an attack in 1941. |
| 1941年，苏军在一次进攻中进行壕沟战。 |
| Leaving a son to the partisans, Leningrad 1942. |
| 1942年，一位母亲送别加入游击队的儿子。 |
| The Battle of Stalingrad, 1942 or 1943. The monthslong struggle for the industrial city, now known as Volgograd, is ranked among the decisive confrontations of World War II, turning back the Nazi advance at an enormous human cost. |
| 斯大林格勒战役，1942年或1943年拍摄。该工业城市现名伏尔加格勒，对该市长达数月的争夺战以巨大的人命代价阻止了纳粹的进攻，被列为第二次世界大战的决定性战斗之一。 |
| By the time Stalingrad was liberated, in 1943, its population had fallen from half a million to 35,000. In total, the Soviet Union lost an estimated 27 million people in the war with Nazi Germany, a conflict still known across the post-Soviet region as the Great Patriotic War. |
| 到1943年斯大林格勒解放时，该市人口已从50万下降到3.5万。苏联在与纳粹德国的战争中总共损失了大约2700万人，这场冲突在前苏联地区仍被称为伟大的卫国战争。 |
| Prisoners in the Vorkuta Gulag, a major Soviet labor camp, in 1945. |
| 1945年，苏联主要劳改营沃尔库塔古拉格中的囚犯。 |
| Red Army soldiers hoisted the Soviet flag from a balcony of the Hotel Adlon in front of Soviet units gathering at Brandenburg Gate in Berlin in 1945. The victory over fascism, and the collective struggle to achieve it, would become an enduring keynote of Soviet pride and propaganda, one that Mr. Putin has worked to revive and exploit. |
| 1945年，苏联军队在柏林勃兰登堡门集结，红军士兵在阿德隆酒店的阳台上升起苏联国旗。战胜法西斯主义以及为实现这一目标而进行的集体奋斗，将成为苏联自豪感和宣传的永恒基调，普京努力复兴这一宣传并加以利用。 |
| Stalin met with his fellow Allied leaders, Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, in the resort city of Yalta in Crimea in February 1945 to plan for the end of the war. The Yalta Conference laid out the contours of what would become the Cold War world, in which the Soviet Union came to dominate Eastern Europe, and has been a subject of controversy for decades. |
| 1945年2月，斯大林在克里米亚的度假城市雅尔塔会见了盟军领导人温斯顿·丘吉尔和富兰克林·D·罗斯福，为战争的结束做准备。雅尔塔会议勾勒出后来冷战世界的轮廓，苏联在冷战中掌控着东欧，几十年来一直引发争议。 |
| Families of a collective farm gathered for a meal in Ukraine in 1947. |
| 1947年，乌克兰一个集体农场的家庭聚餐。 |
| Stalin in his coffin in 1953. |
| 1953年，棺材里的斯大林。 |
| An elementary school in Moscow in 1954. |
| 1954年，莫斯科的一所小学。 |
| In October 1956, a student protest in Budapest against Soviet domination of Hungary sparked an armed uprising that seemed briefly on the verge of achieving its aims, with a new prime minister promising liberalization. Instead, within days, Soviet tanks were sent to Budapest to crush the Hungarian revolution. |
| 1956年10月，在布达佩斯举行的反对苏联统治匈牙利的学生抗议活动引发了一场武装起义，新总理承诺实行自由化，这场起义似乎眼看着就要实现目标。然而，苏联坦克几天内来到布达佩斯镇压匈牙利革命。 |
| Practicing positions at the Bolshoi Ballet School in 1958. |
| 1958年在莫斯科大剧院芭蕾舞学校练习脚位的舞者。 |
| Moscow in 1963. |
| 1963年的莫斯科。 |
| During the height of Soviet-Cuban cooperation, the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev welcomed the Cuban leader Fidel Castro at the Kremlin in 1961. |
| 在苏古合作的鼎盛时期，苏联领导人尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫于1961年在克里姆林宫欢迎古巴领导人菲德尔·卡斯特罗。 |
| A U.S. patrol plane flying over a Soviet freighter during the Cuban missile crisis in 1962. After the Soviet Union stationed nuclear-armed missiles on the island, the United States launched a blockade, in a standoff that brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. |
| 1962年古巴导弹危机期间，美国巡逻机从苏联货轮上空飞过。苏联在岛上部署核导弹后，美国展开封锁，这场对峙将世界推向了核战争的边缘。 |
| A Russian intercontinental ballistic missile crossing Red Square in 1965, during a military parade in Moscow marking the 20th anniversary of the end of the war in Europe. |
| 1965年，在莫斯科纪念欧洲战争结束20周年的阅兵式上，一枚俄罗斯洲际弹道导弹通过红场。 |
| A subway station in Moscow in 1967. Metro systems built on a grand scale became a symbol of Soviet might. |
| 1967年莫斯科的一个地铁站。大规模建造的地铁系统成为苏联力量的象征。 |
| A parade of young Russian sportsmen during May Day celebrations in Red Square in 1969. |
| 1969年在红场举行的胜利日阅兵活动中，俄罗斯年轻运动员组成的游行方队。 |
| Soviet tanks rolled into another neighboring country in 1968 to crush the “Prague Spring” — a brief period of liberalization in Communist Czechoslovakia. |
| 1968年，苏联坦克驶入另一个共产主义邻国捷克斯洛伐克，以摧毁“布拉格之春”——该国的短暂自由化时期。 |
| The crew of the Soyuz 9 spaceflight, Cmdr. Andriyan Nikolayev, right, and Vitaly Sevastyanov, a flight engineer, during training in a simulator at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in 1970. |
| 1970年联盟9号乘组——指令长安德里扬·尼古拉耶夫（右）和飞行工程师维塔利·谢瓦斯季亚诺夫——在尤里·加加林宇航员训练中心模拟器内训练。 |
| Visitors celebrating Saint George near the Alaverdi monastery in Georgia in 1972. The Soviet Union sought to eradicate religion without officially banning it. |
| 1972年，游客在格鲁吉亚阿拉维蒂修道院附近庆祝圣乔治节。苏联试图在不正式禁止宗教的情况下铲除宗教。 |
| The Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at a summit with President Ronald Reagan in Geneva in 1985. Mr. Gorbachev, who took power that year, tried to reform the Soviet Union but ended up presiding over its collapse. |
| 1985年，苏联领导人米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫与罗纳德·里根总统在日内瓦会晤。当年刚刚上台的戈尔巴乔夫试图对苏联进行改革，结果却眼看着它分崩离析。 |
| A Soviet technician decontaminating clothes and equipment in the wake of the Chernobyl nuclear plant disaster in Ukraine in 1986. The explosion and fire at the plant had an initial death toll of more than 30 and spread radioactive contamination across Europe. It also shook the Soviet Union’s self-image as a scientific superpower. |
| 1986年乌克兰境内的切尔诺贝利核电站发生灾难后，一名苏联技术员对衣物和设备进行洗消。核电站的爆炸和火灾最初导致超过30人丧生，欧洲各地遭受放射性污染。此事件同时也动摇了苏联自称的科技超级大国形象。 |
| Soviet soldiers crossing a bridge on the border between Afghanistan and then Soviet Uzbekistan in 1989. The withdrawal ended almost a decade of war that had become a costly humiliation for the Soviet Union. |
| 1989年苏联士兵越过阿富汗和苏维埃乌兹别克斯坦边境上的一座桥。撤军标志着一场近十年的战争的结束，苏联在这场耻辱性的失败中付出巨大代价。 |
| East German border guards seen through a gap in the Berlin Wall after demonstrators pulled down a segment near Brandenburg Gate in 1989. This time, as a wave of peaceful revolutions swept Soviet-controlled Europe, the tanks largely did not arrive. |
| 透过柏林墙上的缺口看到东德边防士兵，1989年抗议者在勃兰登堡门附近拆除了一段墙。随着苏联控制的欧洲爆发一连串和平革命，这一次基本上没有坦克前来镇压。 |
| Outside a state-owned television shop in Moscow in 1991. Customers had to wait many years for the day when they could visit this store for a prized black-and-white set. For most Russians, liberalization did not bring prosperity. |
| 1991年在莫斯科一家国营电视机商店外。顾客需要等上几年才能来到这个商店，花大价钱买到一台黑白电视机。对大多数俄罗斯人来说，自由化并没有带来繁荣。 |
| A long line outside the first McDonald’s in the Soviet Union on its opening day in Moscow in 1990. |
| 1990年苏联第一家麦当劳开门营业，门前排起了长队。 |
| Soviet troops in Moscow in May 1990. |
| 1990年5月在莫斯科的苏联士兵。 |
| Soviet mothers who lost their sons in the armed forces holding photographs of their loved ones during a protest in Red Square in 1990. |
| 1990年在红场的一场抗议中，苏联母亲举着战死的儿子的照片。 |
| A Lithuanian woman resting by a fire outside Parliament in Vilnius in 1991, after spending the night guarding the building with other pro-independence citizens. Here, after the Baltic nation declared its independence, civilians did face Soviet tanks. |
| 1991年在维尔纽斯的议会外，一名立陶宛女子在火边休息，此前的晚上她和其他支持独立的国民一直守卫着议会。这个波罗的海国家宣布独立后，平民的确要面对前来镇压的苏联坦克。 |
| A Moscow crowd celebrating in 1991 after reports that a coup against Mr. Gorbachev by hard-line Communist Party officials had failed. |
| 1991年在莫斯科，得知共产党强硬派推翻戈尔巴乔夫的政变失败后，人们在庆祝。 |
| Boris Yeltsin, seen here in Moscow in 1991 raising his fist to express solidarity with thousands gathered to pay their respects to the victims of the failed coup, became president of Soviet Russia in 1990 and became the face of opposition to the coup and of more radical liberalization. After Mr. Gorbachev announced the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Mr. Yeltsin became the first president of the new Russian Federation. |
| 1991年在莫斯科，面对成千上万前来向失败政变中的遇难者致敬的人们，鲍里斯·叶利钦举起拳头表示自己的支持，他在1990年成为苏俄总统，代表着反对政变和主张更彻底自由化的势力。戈尔巴乔夫宣布苏联解体后，叶利钦成为新成立的俄罗斯联邦的首任总统。 |
| Toppling the statue of Felix Dzerzhinsky, founder of the Soviet secret police force that became known as the K.G.B., in Moscow in 1991. |
| 1991年在莫斯科，费利克斯·捷尔任斯基的雕像被拆除，他是作为克格勃前身的苏联秘密警察部队的创始人。 |
| Removing a portrait of Lenin in Baku in 1991. Azerbaijan was proclaimed a Soviet Socialist Republic in 1920. |
| 1991年在巴库，列宁的肖像被拆除。阿塞拜疆在1920年宣布成立苏维埃社会主义共和国。 |
| Bus commuters in the Siberian city of Krasnoyarsk in 1991. |
| 1991年在塞尔维亚城市克拉斯诺亚尔斯克乘坐公交车的通勤者。 |
| A Russian woman near a vandalized emblem of Communism, the Hammer and Sickle, in Moscow in 1990. The Yeltsin years would bring new freedoms but also economic shock therapy, chaos, corruption and hardship for many ordinary Russians. In 1999, he resigned in favor of Mr. Putin. |
| 1990年在莫斯科，一名俄罗斯女子站在被毁的共产主义标志——锤子和镰刀旁。叶利钦时代带来了更多自由，但也给许多普通俄罗斯人带来了经济休克疗法、混乱、腐败和困苦。他在1990年辞职，并推举了普京作为继任者。 |
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