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| A team of New York Times reporters investigated one of the central questions of the war in Ukraine: Why has Russia bungled its invasion so badly? |
| 《纽约时报》的一组记者调查了乌克兰战争的一个核心问题：为什么俄罗斯把入侵搞砸到这种地步？ |
| The story — based on secret battle plans, intercepts and interviews with Russian soldiers and Kremlin confidants — offers new insights into President Vladimir V. Putin’s state of mind, the stunning failures of his military, and U.S. efforts to prevent a direct war with Russia. |
| 报道基于秘密作战计划、信息拦截以及对俄罗斯士兵和克里姆林宫知情人士的采访，对弗拉基米尔·V·普京总统的心态、他的军队令人震惊的失败以及美国为防止与俄罗斯直接开战所做的努力提供了新的洞察。 |
| Here are eight takeaways from the report. |
| 以下是该报道的八个要点。 |
| Reached by phone inside Russian hospitals, wounded soldiers described being sent to war with little food, training, bullets or equipment — and watching about two-thirds of their platoon get killed. Materials recovered from battlefields point to the military’s lack of preparation: a map from the 1960s, a Wikipedia printout on how to operate a sniper rifle, a wildly optimistic timetable for Russia’s invasion. In interviews, one soldier recalled asking how to use his rifle just before heading off to battle, while another described how his supervisor revealed they were going to war: “Tomorrow you are going to Ukraine to fuck up some shit.” |
| 接受电话采访时，在俄罗斯医院内养伤的士兵说他们被派往战场时几乎没有食物、子弹或装备，几乎没有受训，眼睁睁地看着他们所在的排大约三分之二的人被杀。从战场上发现的材料表明军方准备不足：一张1960年代的地图、一张从维基百科打印出来的狙击步枪使用说明、一张过于乐观的俄罗斯入侵时间表。在采访中，一名士兵回忆说，他在出征前询问步枪的用法，而另一名士兵则描述了他的教官是如何表明他们要上战场的：“明天你们要去乌克兰搞翻天。” |
| Many of the people closest to Mr. Putin fed his suspicions, magnifying his grievances against the West. A former confidant compared the dynamic to the radicalization spiral of a social media algorithm: “They read his mood and they start to slip him that kind of stuff.” Mr. Putin planned the invasion in such secrecy that even Dmitri S. Peskov, his spokesman, said in an interview that he learned of it only once it had begun. Anton Vaino, Mr. Putin’s chief of staff, and Aleksei Gromov, Mr. Putin’s powerful media adviser, also said they did not know in advance, according to people who spoke to them about it. |
| 许多与普京关系最密切的人助长了他的怀疑，放大了他对西方的不满。一位前亲信将这种互动关系比作社交媒体算法的激进化螺旋：“他们读懂了他的心思，然后开始向他灌下那种东西。”普京以如此秘密的方式计划入侵，以至于连他的发言人德米特里·S·佩斯科夫在接受采访时都说，他是在入侵开始后才知道的。据与普京的幕僚长安东·瓦伊诺和强大的媒体顾问阿列克谢·格罗莫夫交谈过的人称，他们也都表示事先不知情。 |
| The United States tried to stop Ukraine from killing a top Russian general. American officials found out that Gen. Valery Gerasimov was planning a trip to the front lines, but withheld the information from the Ukrainians, worried that an attempt on his life could lead to a war between the United States and Russia. The Ukrainians learned of the trip anyway. After an internal debate, Washington took the extraordinary step of asking Ukraine to call off an attack — only to be told that the Ukrainians had already launched it. Dozens of Russian soldiers were said to have been killed. General Gerasimov wasn’t one of them. |
| 美国试图阻止乌克兰刺杀一名俄罗斯高级将领。美国官员发现瓦列里·格拉西莫夫将军计划前往前线，但对乌克兰人隐瞒了这一信息，担心他被刺杀从而导致美俄之间发生战争。然而乌克兰人还是知道了这一行程。经过内部辩论后，华盛顿采取了非同寻常的步骤，要求乌克兰取消袭击——结果却被告知乌克兰人已经发动了袭击。据说有数十名俄罗斯士兵被杀。其中没有格拉西莫夫将军。 |
| A senior Russian official told the C.I.A. director, William J. Burns, last month that Russia would not give up, no matter how many of its soldiers were killed or injured. One NATO member is warning allies that Mr. Putin might accept the death or injury of as many as 300,000 Russian troops — roughly three times his estimated losses so far. Before the war, when Mr. Burns warned Russia not to invade Ukraine, another senior Russian official said Russia’s military was strong enough to stand up even to the Americans. |
| 一位俄罗斯高级官员上个月告诉中央情报局局长威廉·J·伯恩斯，无论有多少士兵伤亡，俄罗斯都不会放弃。一名北约成员警告盟友，普京可能会接受多达30万的伤亡——大约是俄罗斯迄今为止估计损失的三倍。战前，当伯恩斯警告俄罗斯不要入侵乌克兰时，另一位俄罗斯高级官员表示，俄罗斯的军队强大到足以对抗美国人。 |
| Days into the invasion, Mr. Putin told Israel’s leader that the Ukrainians had turned out to be “tougher than I was told.” But, he warned the leader, Prime Minister Naftali Bennett, “we are a big country and we have patience.” Earlier, in October 2021, during his first meeting with Mr. Bennett, Mr. Putin had railed against President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine: “What kind of Jew is he? He’s an enabler of Nazism.” |
| 入侵开始几天后，普京告诉以色列领导人，乌克兰人原来“比别人告诉我的更棘手”。但是，他警告这位领导人——总理纳夫塔利·贝内特：“我们是一个大国，我们有耐心。”此前，在2021年10月，普京在与贝内特的第一次会面中曾抨击乌克兰总统弗拉基米尔·泽伦斯基：“他算什么犹太人？他是纳粹的帮凶。” |
| Invading Russian soldiers used their cellphones to call home, enabling the Ukrainian military to find and kill them. Phone intercepts obtained by The Times showed the bitterness Russian soldiers felt toward their own commanders. “They’re preparing you to be cannon fodder,” one soldier said. Another described a commander warning him he could be prosecuted for leaving his position, only for the commander to flee when shelling began. “His wheels didn’t even get stuck in the mud,” the soldier said. |
| 入侵的俄罗斯士兵用手机给家里打电话，使乌克兰军队能够找到并杀死他们。在时报得到的电话截获中，俄罗斯士兵表示出对他们的指挥官的怨恨。“他们在把你送上战场当炮灰，”一名士兵说。另一名士兵说，一名指挥官警告他，他可能会因为离开岗位而受到惩处，而指挥官却在炮击开始时逃跑。“泥坑都拦不住他的车轮，”士兵说。 |
| The day of the invasion, Mr. Putin set a trap for Russian business tycoons, putting them on television “to tar everyone there,” as one of them described it. Indeed, the businessmen present were all hit by Western sanctions in the months that followed. Even so, another billionaire at the Kremlin that day, Andrey Melnichenko, was defiant, insisting sanctions would not make Russian tycoons turn against Mr. Putin. “In textbooks, they call this political terrorism,” he said. |
| 入侵当天，普京为俄罗斯商业大亨设下了一个圈套，让他们上电视，其中一个人将此描述为“抹黑那里的每一个人”。的确，在场的商人在接下来的几个月里都受到了西方制裁的打击。即便如此，当天在克里姆林宫的另一位亿万富翁安德烈·梅尔尼琴科并不屈服，坚称制裁不会让俄罗斯大亨们转而反对普京。“在教科书中，他们称之为政治恐怖主义，”他说。 |
| Mr. Putin’s fractured armies have sometimes turned on each other; one soldier said a tank commander deliberately fired on a Russian checkpoint. Mr. Putin divided his forces into fiefs, some led by people who are not even part of the military, such as his former bodyguard, the leader of Chechnya and a mercenary boss who has provided catering for Kremlin events, Yevgeny Prigozhin. In an interview after being captured by Ukraine, one Russian soldier said he had been in prison for murder when Mr. Prigozhin recruited him. Later, after he was returned to Russia in a prisoner swap, a video emerged of his execution by sledgehammer. |
| 普京支离破碎的军队有时会自相残杀。一名士兵说，一名坦克指挥官故意向俄罗斯检查站开火。普京把他的军队分成几块，其中一些甚至分给非军人领导，比如他的前保镖、车臣领导人和曾为克里姆林宫活动提供餐饮服务的雇佣军老板叶夫根尼·普里戈任。一名俄罗斯士兵在被乌克兰俘虏后接受采访时说，当普里戈任招募他时，他还是个囚犯，因谋杀入狱。后来，他通过囚犯交换被送回俄罗斯之后，网上出现了一段他被锤子击杀处决的视频。 |
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