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| Federal health officials expressed optimism on Tuesday that the nation was better prepared to weather a surge of Covid-19 infections this winter compared with a year earlier, and they renewed their pleas for Americans to get an updated booster shot ahead of the holidays. |
| 周二，联邦卫生官员表达了乐观态度，称与一年前相比，美国已经为应对今年冬季的新冠感染激增做好了更充分的准备，他们也再次呼吁美国民众在节日季到来之前接种最新的疫苗加强针。 |
| While the trajectory of the virus remains uncertain, Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, President Biden’s chief medical adviser, said the administration was hopeful that the combination of infections and vaccinations had created “enough community protection that we’re not going to see a repeat of what we saw last year at this time” when a brand-new variant, Omicron, emerged seemingly out of the blue. |
| 拜登总统的首席医疗顾问安东尼·福奇博士表示，虽然病毒发展的轨迹仍不稳定，但政府相信在感染和疫苗的作用下，已经创造出“足够的群体免疫保护，不会让去年此时的情况重演”，当时奥密克戎这一新毒株似乎突然出现。 |
| As families gather for Thanksgiving, the coronavirus appears to be less of a threat to most Americans than it was a year ago, when Omicron began spreading infection at an alarming rate. At the time, Mr. Biden banned travel from eight African nations and warned Americans not to panic, and he later dispatched military medical workers to hospitals that officials feared would be overrun with patients. |
| 在感恩节家人团聚之际，新冠病毒对大多美国民众的威胁似乎比一年前要小。当时奥密克戎正以惊人的速度传播，拜登禁止了来自非洲八国的旅客入境，并提醒美国民众不要恐慌，由于官员担忧医院超负荷运转，他随后还派遣部队医务人员前往支援。 |
| Now, Dr. Ashish K. Jha, the White House’s Covid-19 response coordinator, said he was confident about the holiday season as long as Americans continued to get vaccinated and boosted. “Nothing I have seen in the subvariants makes me believe that we can’t manage our way through it effectively, especially if people step up and get their vaccine,” he said at a White House briefing. |
| 现在，白宫新冠疫情应对协调官员阿希什·贾阿博士表示，只要美国民众继续接种疫苗和加强针，他对节日季防疫很有信心。“从亚型变种的特征来看，我们是有能力有效防控感染的，特别是在民众积极接种疫苗的情况下，”他在白宫简报会上说。 |
| That could be a significant caveat. Weary of two years of repeated vaccination campaigns, Americans have been reluctant to embrace the updated booster shots that the administration rolled out in September. Thus far, only 35 million people have received one of the revised shots from Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech. The administration bought enough doses for nearly five times as many people. |
| 这可能是一个非常重要的提醒。因为厌倦了过去两年接二连三的疫苗接种运动，美国民众一直不愿意接种政府在9月推出的新版加强针。截至目前，只有3500万人接种了莫德纳和辉瑞的改良疫苗。而政府购买的剂量是接种人数的近五倍。 |
| An average of roughly 300 Americans a day are still dying of Covid-19, even though federal health officials say nearly every Covid death is now preventable through vaccination and treatment. Other respiratory illnesses, including the flu and respiratory syncytial virus, or R.S.V., are also resurging after two years of low levels of infection. |
| 虽然联邦卫生官员称，如今通过疫苗接种和治疗基本可以预防任何新冠死亡，但平均每天仍约有300名美国人死于新冠。流感和呼吸道合胞病毒感染等其他呼吸道疾病，经过两年的低感染水平后，感染也在重新增加。 |
| And where the coronavirus is headed remains a mystery. Federal officials have been watching a new subvariant of Omicron called XBB with some trepidation. The new subvariant accounts for only a tiny percentage of cases in the United States so far, but it is showing up in testing of travelers at the nation’s major international airports and has taken hold in India and Singapore. |
| 新冠疫情的走势仍不明朗。对于奥密克戎新的亚型变异株XBB，联邦官员始终惴惴不安。目前这一新亚种在美国的感染病例中只占很小比例，但它在美国主要国际机场的旅客检测中出现，在印度和新加坡也传播开来。 |
| Dr. Fauci said that XBB appeared exceptionally agile at evading the antibodies that are created by prior infection or vaccination and that form the body’s first line of defense against the virus. But vaccine experts have long said that other parts of the immune system can kick in to ward off severe disease if antibodies fail to block the virus. |
| 福奇博士表示，XBB似乎能非常精准地避开此前感染或接种疫苗产生的抗体，而抗体正是人体抵御病毒的第一道防线。但疫苗专家早已表示，如果抗体无法阻止病毒，免疫系统的其他部分仍能发挥作用，抵御严重疾病。 |
| And Dr. Fauci said he and others were encouraged by data showing that countries like Singapore where XBB led to a jump in infections did not report a commensurate rise in hospitalizations. |
| 福奇博士称，数据显示，在新加坡等国家，XBB导致感染人数激增，但住院人数并没有相应上升，这让他和其他专家感到鼓舞。 |
| Dr. Fauci, who became a household name during the pandemic and is retiring from government service at the end of the year, made what was most likely his last appearance in the White House briefing room and used the opportunity to urge Americans to get the updated booster shots. |
| 在疫情期间家喻户晓的福奇今年年底将从政府部门退休，这很可能是他最后一次出席白宫简报会，他也利用这个机会敦促美国民众接种新版加强针。 |
| “My message and my final message — maybe the final message I give you from this podium — is that, please, for your own safety, for that of your family, get your updated Covid-19 shot as soon as you’re eligible,” Dr. Fauci said. |
| “我要说的、我最后要说的——或许是我在这个讲台上最后一次对你们说的——那就是为了你个人的安全，为了你家人的安全，只要符合条件，请尽快接种最新的新冠疫苗，”福奇说。 |
| The administration is making a renewed push for the new boosters over the next six weeks. It announced $475 million in spending to expand vaccination efforts at community health centers and other locations, and officials are hoping to reach more Americans by airing advertising during the World Cup. The government also warned that nursing homes must offer the updated shots to residents or face enforcement actions by regulators. |
| 拜登政府将在未来六周内再次推进新版加强针的接种。它宣布将投入4.75亿美元，用于扩大社区卫生中心和其他地点的疫苗接种规模，官员们还希望通过在世界杯期间投放广告来影响美国民众。政府还提醒称，疗养院必须为入住者提供新疫苗，否则将面临监管机构的执法。 |
| The push comes as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention delivered what some experts described as encouraging news about the effectiveness of the new shots. |
| 与此同时，美国疾控中心也发布了关于新疫苗有效性的信息，被一些专家称为令人振奋。 |
| A major new study released by the agency showed that the updated shots bolstered protection against symptomatic disease among adults by 28 to 56 percent, depending on a person’s age and how much time had passed since the previous shot. The researchers studied people who received a dose of the revised boosters anywhere from two months to more than eight months after their last vaccine dose, and they found greater benefits among those who waited longer. |
| 疾控中心发布的一项重要新研究显示，新疫苗对成年人预防有症状疾病能力的增强可达到28%到56%，具体增强比例取决于年龄和上次接种疫苗后的间隔时间。研究人员发现，在最后一次接种疫苗的两个月到八个多月之间再打一剂改良加强针的人群里，间隔时间越长效果越好。 |
| “Is this a home run? No, but it’s a good base hit,” said Dr. Peter Marks, the top vaccine regulator at the Food and Drug Administration, who pushed for development of the new booster shots. |
| “这能够一劳永逸吗？并不能，但已经能提供相当的保障，”美国食品与药品管理局的疫苗监管负责人彼得·马克斯博士说，他推动了新版加强针的研发。 |
| The study, the first one published that examined the real-world effectiveness of the new shots, looked at 360,000 adults who reported Covid-19 symptoms between mid-September and mid-November. Its significance is limited by the fact that the Omicron subvariant that accounted for the largest number of infections during that period, BA.5, has receded and now accounts for only a quarter of cases in the United States. |
| 这是首次发表的关于新疫苗现实有效性的研究，调查了9月中旬至11月中旬期间报告出现新冠症状的36万名成年人。其研究价值受到了一个事实的限制，即在那段时期，感染比例最高的奥密克戎亚型变异株BA.5已经消退，如今只占美国感染病例的四分之一。 |
| “The variants in the real world have already moved on,” said Pei-Yong Shi, a virologist at the University of Texas Medical Branch who has conducted laboratory studies of the updated boosters both independently and in collaboration with Pfizer-BioNTech. |
| “现实世界里的变异株已经不一样了，”得克萨斯大学医学部病毒学家施培勇（音）说，他对新版加强针分别进行了独立以及与辉瑞合作的实验室研究。 |
| Dr. Shi also said it was difficult to measure how well the updated boosters were working because so many people now had some immunity from earlier infections, including people who were never vaccinated or boosted. That can make estimates of the effectiveness of the updated shots look artificially low, he said. |
| 施培勇还表示，很难衡量新版加强针的效果，因为太多人都因此前的感染获得了一定免疫力，包括从未接种过疫苗或是加强针的人。他说，这可能导致新版加强针的有效性评估出现人为偏低的情况。 |
| Dr. Roby Bhattacharyya, an infectious disease physician at Massachusetts General Hospital, said the C.D.C. study showed that the revised boosters were “clearly worth getting.” |
| 麻省总医院的传染病医师罗比·巴塔查亚博士表示，疾控中心的研究表明，改进过的加强针“显然值得接种”。 |
| Some other experts were more skeptical, saying that the new shots appeared to provide only moderate protection against symptomatic disease and that while such protection would help in the short term, it was unclear how long it would last. |
| 其他一些专家则持更怀疑的态度，称新疫苗似乎只能对有症状疾病提供中等程度的保护，虽然短期内有效，但尚不清楚效力可持续多久。 |
| John P. Moore, a virologist at Weill Cornell Medicine, said the researchers did not show whether the updated boosters worked better than the original boosters they replaced — a swap that came at a substantial cost to the federal government. “Personally, I doubt there would have been much, if any, difference, but we may never know,” he said. |
| 威尔康奈尔医学院的病毒学家约翰·摩尔表示，研究人员并未说明改进过的加强针是否比被替换的原始加强针更有效，而此次更换给联邦政府制造的成本是巨大的。“在我个人看来，就算有不同，也不会太大，但我们谁也说不清，”他说。 |
| While Americans’ shift indoors over the winter and the succession of holiday gatherings are expected to drive up cases, federal officials are not alone in their cautious optimism. Dr. Bhattacharyya said he did not expect the virus to cause as much suffering and death this winter as it did a year ago because “we’re a more immune population.” |
| 虽然美国民众冬天会在室内活动，一连串的假日聚会也会导致更多感染，但持谨慎乐观态度的并不只有联邦官员。巴塔查亚博士说，他不认为病毒会在这个冬季造成像去年那样多的痛苦和死亡，因为“我们的群体免疫更强了”。 |
| Another study released by the C.D.C. on Tuesday underscored the effectiveness of Paxlovid, an antiviral medication recommended for adults with mild to moderate symptoms of Covid-19 who have a higher risk of severe illness. |
| 疾控中心周二发布的另一项研究则强调了抗病毒药物Paxlovid的有效性，该药品适合轻中症的成年新冠患者，他们有较高的重症风险。 |
| Adults diagnosed with Covid who were prescribed Paxlovid had a 51 percent lower hospitalization rate within 30 days of their diagnosis than those who were not prescribed the medication, the study found. Researchers compared nearly 200,000 adults who received Paxlovid within five days of their diagnosis with more than 500,000 people who did not receive it during a five-month period ending in August. |
| 研究人员将确诊后五天内服用Paxlovid的近20万成年人与截止8月的五个月期间未服用该药的50多万人做了对比，发现，在确诊后30天内服用Paxlovid的成年新冠患者住院率比未服用该药的人低了51%。 |
| The study found that only 28 percent of those eligible for Paxlovid were prescribed it. The researchers said the medication should be offered to everyone eligible, especially older adults and people with multiple underlying health conditions. The study did not address how often Covid symptoms rebounded after people finished the five-day treatment, a question that some providers say makes them wonder if the course of treatment is long enough. |
| 该研究发现，在符合Paxlovid服用条件的患者中，只有28%的人获得了处方。研究人员称，应向所有符合条件的人提供这种药物，特别是老年及存在多种潜在健康问题的群体。这项研究没有涉及患者完成五天疗程后，新冠症状出现反弹的概率有多少，而一些医疗服务供应方表示，他们怀疑疗程是否还不够长。 |
| Kody Kinsley, the top health official in North Carolina, said he hoped that the new study would coax some doctors and patients into using the medication. He said that roughly two-thirds of adults in his state were at high risk of severe disease from the coronavirus, but for reasons that were unclear, doctors were reluctant to prescribe Paxlovid to them. |
| 北卡罗来纳州最高卫生官员科迪·金斯利表示，他希望这项新研究能说服一些医生和患者使用该药物。他说，北卡州约有三分之二的成年人属于新冠重症高风险群体，但不知何故，医生都不愿给他们开具Paxlovid的处方。 |
| “This has been a perennial issue and something we’ve been pretty vocal about,” he said, adding, “What we hear from people is: ‘I talk to my doctor and my doctor says: “Well, your symptoms are mild, so wait it out. And I don’t know if you need it.”’” |
| “这是一个长期存在的问题，我们对此也反复申明，”他说，并表示，“我们听到的说法是，‘我跟医生讨论过，医生说，既然症状轻，那等它消失就好了。应该用不上这药。’” |
| In fact, he said, the decision whether to take Paxlovid should depend on how vulnerable a patient is to a serious case of Covid-19, not on the severity of symptoms. |
| 但他表示，是否服用Paxlovid实际上应该取决于患者是否易受新冠重症影响，而非症状本身的严重程度。 |
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