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| GENEVA — Barely a month after taking office as the United Nations’ new human rights chief, Volker Türk was in Sudan’s war-torn Darfur region last week meeting victims of a conflict that has displaced millions. |
| 日内瓦——就任联合国新任人权事务高级专员还不到一个月，沃尔克·图尔克于上周在苏丹饱受战争蹂躏的达尔富尔地区会见了冲突的受害者，这场冲突使数百万人流离失所。 |
| A day later, in the capital, Khartoum, he met the generals who were clinging to power with the help of troops using lethal force against protesters. He told the generals that Sudan needed to transition to civilian rule and “make sure that the human rights for all people of Sudan are the driving force behind this political process.” |
| 一天后，在首都喀土穆，他会见了在军队帮助下紧握权力不放的将军们，这些军队对抗议者使用致命武力。他对将军们说，苏丹需要向文官统治过渡，并“确保苏丹所有人民的人权是这一政治进程背后的推动力”。 |
| Past U.N. high commissioners for human rights typically took some months in the Geneva lakeside headquarters of the U.N. human rights office to familiarize themselves with the complexities of the job before leaving for country visits. But Mr. Türk started arranging his Sudan visit before officially starting the job and is working on making one or two trips more before the end of the year. A mission to Ukraine is reportedly on his agenda. |
| 过去的联合国人权事务高级专员通常会在日内瓦湖畔的联合国人权办公室总部待上几个月，以熟悉工作的复杂性，然后才会前往各国访问。但图尔克在正式开始工作之前就开始安排他的苏丹之行，并努力在年底前再进行一到两次访问。据报道，前往乌克兰的任务也在他的日程中。 |
| On Thursday, the unrest in Iran was top of the list. In an emergency session, the U.N. Human Rights Council decided to investigate Tehran’s response to protests against clerical rule, a crackdown that has resulted in hundreds of deaths. |
| 周四，伊朗的动荡局势是他的首要问题。联合国人权理事会在一次紧急会议上决定调查德黑兰对反对宗教统治抗议活动的反应。伊朗的镇压已经导致数百人死亡。 |
| The council called for the appointment of an international fact-finding mission to look into the Iranian authorities’ reaction to the widespread demonstrations, which were kindled by the death in police custody in September of Mahsa Amini, 22, who had been arrested on charges of violating the law on head scarves. |
| 安理会呼吁任命一个国际实况调查团，调查伊朗当局对大规模示威活动的反应。9月，22岁的马赫萨·阿米尼因被控违反有关头巾的法律而被捕，在警察拘留所死亡，从而引发了这场示威活动。 |
| Making his first statement to the council, Mr. Türk delivered a sharp critique of the Iranian authorities’ actions, saying that they had led to 300 deaths, including more than 40 children; a “staggering” 14,000 arrests; and at least six protesters sentenced to death. |
| 图尔克在理事会第一次发言时，尖锐批评了伊朗当局的行动，说这些行动导致300人死亡，其中包括40多名儿童；还有“惊人的”1.4万人被捕；至少六名抗议者被判处死刑。 |
| “The old methods and the fortress mentality of those who wield power simply don’t work,” he said. “Change is inevitable. the way forward is meaningful reforms.” |
| “掌权者的旧方法和堡垒心态根本不起作用，”他说。“改变是不可避免的。前进的道路是有意义的改革。” |
| Mr. Türk’s speed embracing his new job points to the practical advantages he brings to the post as a U.N. insider familiar with the organization’s byzantine bureaucracy. Mr. Türk, 57, brings 30 years experience of working for the United Nations, first in its refugee agency — for which he visited Darfur 11 years ago — and then for the past three years working for the secretary general, António Guterres, in New York as a policy adviser, including on human rights. |
| 图尔克能够迅速接受新工作，显示了他作为一个熟悉联合国复杂官僚体系的内部人士所带来的实际优势。现年57岁的图尔克有30年为联合国工作的经验，先是在联合国难民署工作——11年前他曾代表该机构访问达尔富尔——然后在过去三年里为联合国秘书长安东尼奥·古特雷斯在纽约担任政策顾问，包括人权方面的顾问。 |
| Mr. Türk’s past as an insider, however, has contributed to the frosty response his appointment drew from international rights organizations. United Nations chiefs have in the past chosen former heads of government, eminent jurists or diplomatic heavyweights for the famously difficult human rights post, since the job requires courting world leaders and, at times, admonishing them for their human rights failings. |
| 不过，由于图尔克过去是一名内部人士，国际人权组织对他的任命反应冷淡。联合国负责人过去曾选择前政府首脑、著名法学家或外交重量级人物担任这一以困难著称的人权职位，因为这项工作需要讨好世界领导人，有时还要就他们在人权方面的失败向他们提出警告。 |
| Mr. Türk, critics said, was unsuited by experience and temperament for such a delicate role. And his appointment by a U.N. secretary general perceived as weak on human rights stoked fears that Mr. Guterres had picked a quiet diplomat more likely to share his boss’s preference for back-room diplomacy than deploying the powerful weapon of public pressure. |
| 批评人士说，图尔克的经验和气质都不适合担任这样一个微妙的角色。被认为在人权问题上软弱无力的联合国秘书长对他的任命激起了人们的担忧，认为古特雷斯选择了一位沉默寡言的外交官，更有可能与他的老板一样偏爱幕后外交，而不是动用公众压力这一强大的武器。 |
| But Mr. Türk’s steady stream of statements in his first month on the job have given some critics hope. On his second day in office, he condemned Ethiopian airstrikes on civilian targets in Tigray as “completely unacceptable.” After Elon Musk took over Twitter, Mr. Türk issued an open letter reminding the tech billionaire of the platform’s responsibility “to avoid amplifying content that results in harms to people’s rights.” |
| 但是，图尔克在上任第一个月里不断发表的声明给一些批评人士带来了希望。在他上任的第二天，他谴责埃塞俄比亚对提格雷平民目标的空袭是“完全不可接受的”。伊隆·马斯克接管Twitter后，图尔克发表了一封公开信，提醒这位科技亿万富翁，该平台有责任“避免放大导致损害人们权利的内容”。 |
| And as the COP27 climate conference opened in Egypt, Mr. Türk drew the host government’s ire for urging it to release Alaa Abd El Fattah, a political prisoner who was recently on a hunger strike, along with other “unfairly convicted” detainees. |
| 当COP27气候大会在埃及开幕时，图尔克敦促埃及政府释放最近正在绝食抗议的政治犯阿拉·阿卜杜勒·法塔赫，以及其他遭到“不公正定罪”的在押人员，这引起了东道国政府的不满。 |
| Bigger challenges loom. |
| 更大的挑战迫在眉睫。 |
| A major test of Mr. Türk’s effectiveness will be what he does to follow up on the report his predecessor, Michelle Bachelet, released minutes before stepping down that found China might have committed crimes against humanity in repressing Uyghur and other Muslims in its far western region of Xinjiang. |
| 对图尔克效率的重大考验，将是他如何处理前任米歇尔·巴切莱特在卸任前几分钟发布的报告。报告称，中国在遥远的西部地区新疆镇压维吾尔族和其他穆斯林，可能犯下了反人类罪。 |
| China dismissed the report as a politicized concoction of Western lies that the United Nations should not have published. Chinese diplomats in Geneva sought to discredit the report as lacking support in the high commissioner’s office. |
| 中国认为这份报告是西方谎言的政治化炮制，联合国不应将其公布。中国驻日内瓦外交官试图诋毁这份报告，称其缺乏高级专员办公室的支持。 |
| Beijing may find Mr. Türk’s reaction disappointing. He says he considers the document meticulously researched and important. |
| 北京可能会觉得图尔克的反应令人失望。他说，他认为这份文件经过了细致的研究，非常重要。 |
| “It’s my office’s report, and I’m invested in it,” he said in an interview. “There are strong recommendations, and my focus will be on finding ways and means to engage with the Chinese authorities on implementing those recommendations.” |
| “这是我办公室的报告，我对它很投入，”他在接受采访时说。“有很多强有力的建议，我的重点将是寻找与中国当局接触的方式和方法，以落实这些建议。” |
| More generally, Mr. Türk told journalists this month, “I will speak out when we feel that our voice can make a difference or when it is needed to amplify especially the voices of victims or to sound the alarm.” |
| 在更广泛的问题上，图尔克本月告诉记者，“当我们觉得我们的声音可以带来改变，或者需要帮助人们尤其是受害者放大声音或发出警报时，我会发声。” |
| Mr. Türk’s activism comes as no surprise to former colleagues familiar with his career in the U.N. refugee agency. After field assignments in Congo, Kosovo and Southeast Asia, he rose to be head of protection, a role some describe as human rights in action. |
| 对于熟悉他在联合国难民署工作的前同事来说，图尔克的行动主义并不令人意外。在刚果、科索沃和东南亚执行实地任务后，他晋升为保护部门负责人，有人将这一角色描述为以行动维护人权。 |
| “He’s a roll-up-your-sleeves, get-your-hands-dirty kind of guy, not an office dweller,” said Kirsten Young, a U.N. colleague and close friend who worked alongside Mr. Türk in Kosovo and other areas. “A lot of the work he has been involved in was lifesaving.” |
| “他是一个讲求实干的人，而不是蜗在办公室，”曾与图尔克一起在科索沃和其他地区工作的联合国同事和密友柯尔斯滕·扬说。“他参与的很多工作都是为了挽救生命。” |
| For those who know him well, Ms. Young said, Mr. Türk’s appointment as the U.N. human rights chief was a natural culmination of his life’s work. |
| 扬说，对于那些熟悉他的人来说，图尔克被任命为联合国人权事务负责人是他毕生工作的自然结果。 |
| “Destiny fulfilled,” she called it. |
| 她将其形容为“完成了使命”。 |
| Mr. Türk sees his new job as the natural progression after a lifelong focus on human rights. |
| 图尔克认为，他的新工作是毕生关注人权之后的自然进展。 |
| “It started very early,” he said, producing as evidence a faded, dismembered copy of the U.N.’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights that he received as a teenager in school and still carries in his wallet. |
| “从很早以前就开始了，”他说。作为证明，他展示了一份褪色的、残缺不全的联合国《世界人权宣言》，那是他十几岁时在学校收到的，至今仍放在钱包里。 |
| “I was marked by the history of my country,” he said, alluding to the Nazis’ annexation of Austria and the country’s links to the Holocaust. “I’m still part of that generation that thought: How could it happen, that’s unbelievable, what can I do to search for a better world?” |
| “我的国家的历史深深地刻在我心里，”他说，暗指纳粹吞并奥地利以及该国与纳粹大屠杀的关联。“我仍然属于那一代人，仍然在想：这怎么可能发生，这令人难以置信，我能做些什么来追寻一个更美好的世界？” |
| A law degree followed in the 1970s, when, he says, he was impressed by the growing feminist and anti-apartheid movements. He then earned a doctorate in international refugee law, paving the way for his hiring by the U.N. refugee agency. |
| 他在70年代获得了法律学位，当时他对日益增长的女权主义和反种族隔离运动印象深刻。随后，他获得了国际难民法博士学位，为任职联合国难民署铺平了道路。 |
| “I was fascinated by the fact that the U.N. can go into a situation and directly do something for people,” he said. |
| 他说：“我对联合国能够介入事件并直接为人们做事而感到着迷。” |
| The refugee protection work also took its toll. Mr. Türk recalled how, in Kuwait after the first gulf war, he spent long hours interviewing Palestinian and Iraqi detainees and hearing traumatic experiences of imprisonment, sexual abuse and torture. |
| 难民保护工作也带来了沉重的负担。图尔克回忆说，第一次海湾战争后，他在科威特花了很长时间采访巴勒斯坦和伊拉克的被拘留者，并倾听了监禁、性虐待和遭受酷刑的创伤经历。 |
| “You deal with it,” he said, “but it marked me a lot.” |
| “你要消化这些，”他说，“但它给我带来的影响很大。” |
| Now, his ambitions as high commissioner include building a much stronger U.N. human rights presence on the ground and raising much more money for an office that is underfunded to meet the demands it faces. |
| 现在，他作为高级专员的雄心壮志包括建立更强大的联合国人权影响力并使其落地，并为资金不足的办公室筹集更多资金，以满足它面临的种种需求。 |
| The “biggest challenge” Mr. Türk foresees is to rekindle a global consensus recognizing human rights as universal and central to tackling the cutting-edge issues of the day, including the war in Ukraine and climate change. He pushes back at the “misconception” that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the cornerstone of international human rights protections adopted since World War II, is a cocktail of Western values. |
| 图尔克预见的“最大挑战”是重新点燃全球共识，承认人权是普世的，并且是解决当今前沿问题——包括乌克兰战争和气候变化——的核心。他反驳了这样一种“误解”，即《世界人权宣言》是“二战”以来国际人权保护的基石，是以西方价值观调配的产物。 |
| Human rights, he says, “cannot be the collateral damage of geopolitics and division.” |
| 他说，人权“不能成为地缘政治和分裂的附带损害”。 |
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