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| LONDON — Iran has tried to kill or kidnap at least 10 critics based in Britain since the start of the year, the head of the British security service said on Wednesday as he underscored perceived threats from a diverse range of sources, including Russia, China and Islamist and far-right terrorists at home. |
| 伦敦——英国安全部门负责人周三表示，自今年年初以来，伊朗已试图杀害或绑架至少10名驻英国的批评人士，他也强调了各种不同来源的可察威胁，包括俄罗斯、中国以及国内的伊斯兰和极右翼恐怖分子。 |
| Giving an annual update of security risks to Britain, Ken McCallum, the director general of MI5, described Iran as the state actor that “most frequently crosses into terrorism,” and one willing to resort to violence to silence its opponents. |
| 在对英国国家安全风险进行年度评估更新时，英国军情五处处长肯·麦卡勒姆将伊朗描述为“最常陷入恐怖主义”，且愿意诉诸暴力来镇压反对者的国家行为者。 |
| The disclosure followed assertions that two British-based journalists working for a TV station, Iran International, had been informed by London’s Metropolitan Police of threats to their lives. That disclosure prompted an official warning from Britain’s foreign ministry to Iran’s most senior diplomat in London. |
| 此前，据称在伊朗国际这家电视台工作的两名驻英记者接到了伦敦警察厅的人身威胁通知。这一消息的披露促使英国外交部一名官员向伊朗驻伦敦最高级外交官发出了正式警告。 |
| But against the backdrop of the war in Ukraine and rising tensions with China, Mr. McCallum acknowledged that Britain’s intelligence services faced a challenge in setting priorities. For example, it must balance efforts to stop “teenage would-be terrorists radicalized in extreme right-wing spaces online” against protecting Britain’s “military secrets from Russian cyberhackers.” |
| 但在乌克兰战争和对华关系日益紧张的背景下，麦卡勒姆承认，英国情报机构在确定优先事项的问题上面临挑战。例如，必须要在阻止“潜在的青少年恐怖分子在极右翼网络空间的激进化”，以及保护英国“军事机密不受俄罗斯黑客攻击”的努力之间取得平衡。 |
| The complexity of the multiple threats the country faces was, he said, “huge.” |
| 他说，这个国家面临的多重威胁“极其”复杂。 |
| Peter Neumann, a professor of security studies at King’s College London, said the increased activity from Iranian agents was most likely linked to concerns about the growing protest movement within the country. |
| 伦敦国王学院从事安全研究的教授彼得·诺伊曼表示，伊朗间谍活动的增加很可能与伊朗对其国内声势不断扩大的抗议运动的担忧有关。 |
| He added that the range of threats cited by Mr. McCallum illustrated a change in the focus of British security services in recent years — away from Islamist terrorism toward a broader range of actors. |
| 他还表示，麦卡勒姆提及的各种威胁表明，近年来英国安全部门的关注重点发生了变化，从伊斯兰恐怖主义转向了更广泛的行为者。 |
| “You can feel the difference — that speech would not have been given in that way in 2020 or even 2021,” Professor Neumann said. “It has been a rapid shift, a real change,” he added, noting that while the threat from Islamist terrorism still persisted, it “feels like it has decreased a lot.” |
| “你能察觉到不同——在2020年甚至是2021年，他都不会以那样的方式发表那番讲话，”诺伊曼说。“这是一种迅速的转变，一种真正的改变，”他补充道，并指出虽然来自伊斯兰恐怖主义的威胁仍然存在，但“感觉已经减少了很多”。 |
| Much of the speech, delivered at M15’s headquarters in London, focused on threats from Russia, whose aggression, Mr. McCallum said, would challenge Britain for years to come. |
| 麦卡勒姆在伦敦军情五处总部发表的讲话大部分都集中于来自俄罗斯的威胁，他表示，俄罗斯的挑衅行为将在未来多年内对英国构成挑战。 |
| Western nations are responding, he said, noting that 600 Russian officials — of whom 400 were judged to be spies — had been expelled from Europe in what he called “the most significant strategic blow against the Russian intelligence services in recent European history.” |
| 他表示，西方国家正在做出回应，指出有600名俄罗斯官员——其中400人被判定为间谍——已被驱逐出欧洲，他称之为“欧洲近代史上对俄罗斯情报机构最重大的战略打击”。 |
| The scale of those expulsions, together with the rollout of Western economic sanctions designed to isolate Russia, had proved a surprisingly potent test for Russia’s president, Vladimir V. Putin, he added. |
| 他还表示，事实证明，对俄罗斯总统普京来说，大规模的官员驱逐和西方出台的旨在孤立俄罗斯的经济制裁是一次出乎意料的艰难考验。 |
| Well before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Britain was especially sensitive to the activities of Russian agents, and its pushback against Moscow’s spy networks intensified after the nerve agent poisoning of Sergei V. Skripal, the former Russian agent, and his daughter, Yulia, in Salisbury, England, in 2018. |
| 早在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰之前，英国就对俄罗斯间谍活动极为敏感，在2018年俄罗斯前间谍谢尔盖·V·斯克里帕尔及其女儿尤利娅在英格兰索尔兹伯里被神经毒剂毒害后，英国就加大了对俄罗斯间谍网络的反击力度。 |
| Since that episode prompted Britain to expel 23 Russian diplomats on espionage grounds, it has refused 100 diplomatic visa applications from Moscow. |
| 那次事件促使英国以间谍罪名驱逐了23名俄罗斯外交官，自那之后，英国拒绝了来自俄罗斯的100份外交签证申请。 |
| But Russia is continuing to use an extensive range of disruptive tactics, including cyberattacks, disinformation, espionage and interference in democratic processes. It has also sought to deploy the wealth of its oligarchs, many of them British-based, to peddle influence. |
| 但俄罗斯仍在继续各种破坏战略，包括网络攻击、虚假信息、间谍活动和干涉民主程序。它还试图利用其寡头的财富（其中许多人身处英国）来兜售影响力。 |
| Tensions with China have also increased lately. But in contrast to Moscow, Beijing appears to be playing a more subtle and strategic “long game,” Mr. McCallum said. Not only is it seeking to co-opt and influence Britain’s lawmakers across the political divide, but it is also cultivating contacts early in their careers in public life, hoping to build a debt of obligation to exploit later. |
| 与中国的紧张关系近来也有所加剧。但麦卡勒姆表示，与俄罗斯不同，中国似乎在打一场更加微妙、更具战略性的“持久战”。它不仅寻求拉拢和影响政治分歧两端的英国议员，还在这些议员的公共生涯早期就培养关系，打算建立人情债以供日后利用。 |
| Nonetheless, opponents among the Chinese diaspora in Britain have been subject to the sort of harassment and coercion seen recently when a pro-democracy protester was attacked at the Chinese Consulate in Manchester. In that clash, the protester, a supporter of democracy in Hong Kong, said he was dragged inside the consulate grounds by masked men and then kicked and punched. |
| 尽管如此，英国华侨中的反对派还是受到了骚扰和胁迫，正如最近在中国驻曼彻斯特领事馆的民主抗议者遭受袭击的情况一样。在那场冲突中，支持香港民主的抗议者说他被蒙面男子拖入领事馆，随后受到殴打。 |
| As for Islamist and far-right homegrown terrorism, the authorities have foiled 37 planned attacks since 2017, including eight in the past 12 months, MI5 said. |
| 至于伊斯兰和极右翼本土恐怖主义，军情五处表示，自2017年以来，当局已挫败37起有计划的袭击，其中八起发生在过去12个月。 |
| Investigations of Islamist terrorism make up around three-quarters of the British security service’s terror-related caseload. Even relatively unsophisticated plots have proved deadly, including the fatal stabbing of the Conservative Party lawmaker David Amess in 2021 in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex, east of London. |
| 对伊斯兰恐怖主义的调查约占英国安全部门恐怖主义相关案件的四分之三。即使是相对没那么复杂的阴谋也被证明是致命的，包括2021年保守党议员大卫·埃默斯在伦敦东部埃萨克斯郡滨海利遇刺身亡事件。 |
| Terrorism motivated by extreme right-wing ideology has continued to evolve away from structured groups toward a more diffuse online threat, Mr. McCallum said. |
| 麦卡勒姆表示，由极右意识形态驱动的恐怖主义继续从有组织团体演变为更分散的网络威胁。 |
| “From the comfort of their bedrooms, individuals are easily able to access right-wing extremist spaces, network with each other and move toward a radical mind-set,” he said. |
| “个人在自家舒适的卧房里就能轻易进入右翼极端分子的网络空间，相互联系，思想也开始激进化，”他说。 |
| Investigators have seen increased efforts among right-wing agitators to gain access to weapons, particularly firearms, including homemade or 3-D printed models. |
| 调查人员发现，右翼煽动者越来越多地试图获得武器，特别是枪支，包括自制或是3D打印的模型。 |
| “We are seeing growing numbers of right-wing extremist influencers, operating globally, fueling grievances and amplifying conspiracy theories,” said Mr. McCallum. “This problem feels like it will endure.” |
| “我们看到越来越多的右翼极端主义影响者在全球范围内活动，助长不满情绪，放大阴谋论，”麦卡勒姆说。“看起来这一问题将会持续下去。” |
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