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| WASHINGTON — In conversations with American executives this spring, top officials in the Biden administration revealed an aggressive plan to counter the Chinese military’s rapid technological advances. |
| 华盛顿——今年春天，在与美国企业高管的对话中，拜登政府的高级官员透露了一项激进计划，用来对抗中国军队快速的技术进步。 |
| China was using supercomputing and artificial intelligence to develop stealth and hypersonic weapons systems, and to try to crack the U.S. government’s most encrypted messaging, according to intelligence reports. For months, administration officials debated what they could do to hobble the country’s progress. |
| 根据情报部门的报告，中国正在利用超级计算和人工智能开发隐形和高超音速武器系统，并试图破解美国政府加密等级最高的通讯。几个月来，政府官员一直在讨论要如何阻碍中国的进展。 |
| They saw a path: The Biden administration would use U.S. influence over global technology and supply chains to try to choke off China’s access to advanced chips and chip production tools needed to power those abilities. The goal was to keep Chinese entities that contributed to potential threats far behind their competitors in the United States and in allied nations. |
| 他们看到了一条道路：拜登政府将利用美国对全球技术和供应链的影响力，试图阻止中国获得提升这些能力所需的先进芯片和芯片生产工具。这样做的目的是让那些构成潜在威胁的中国实体远远落后于它们在美国及其盟友的竞争对手。 |
| The effort, no less than what the Americans carried out against Soviet industries during the Cold War, gained momentum this year as the United States tested powerful economic tools against Russia as punishment for its invasion of Ukraine, and as China broke barriers in technological development. The Russian offensive and Beijing’s military actions also made the possibility of a Chinese invasion of Taiwan seem more real to U.S. officials. |
| 这种努力不亚于冷战期间美国对苏联工业所做的。今年，随着美国对俄罗斯测试强大的经济工具作为对其入侵乌克兰的惩罚，以及中国打破技术发展的障碍，这种努力受到了推动。俄罗斯的进攻和北京的军事行动也让中国入侵台湾的可能性在美国官员眼中变得更加真实起来。 |
| The administration’s concerns about China’s tech ambitions culminated last week in the unveiling of the most stringent controls by the U.S. government on technology exports to the country in decades — an opening salvo that would ripple through global commerce and could frustrate other governments and companies outside China. |
| 政府对中国科技野心的担忧在上周达到顶峰，美国政府公布了几十年来对中国技术出口最严格的控制措施。这波初始攻势将波及全球商业，并可能引起其他政府和中国以外的公司的不满。 |
| In a speech on Wednesday on the administration’s national security strategy, Jake Sullivan, the national security adviser, talked about a “small yard, high fence” for critical technologies. |
| 在周三有关政府国家安全战略的演讲中，国家安全顾问杰克·沙利文谈到要为关键技术设置“小院子、高围栏”。 |
| “Choke points for foundational technologies have to be inside that yard, and the fence has to be high because these competitors should not be able to exploit American and allied technologies to undermine American and allied security,” he said. |
| “基础技术的关键点必须在这个院子里，围栏必须很高，因为竞争者不应该能够利用美国及其盟友的技术来破坏美国及其盟友的安全，”他说。 |
| This account of how President Biden and his aides decided to wage a new global campaign against China, which contains previously unreported details, is based on interviews with two dozen current and former officials and industry executives. Most spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss deliberations. |
| 本文述及拜登总统及其助手如何决定发动一场针对中国的最新全球运动，其中包含了此前未曾报道过的细节，它基于对二十多位现任和前任官员及行业高管的采访。大多数人在谈及内情时都不愿透露姓名。 |
| The measures were particularly notable given the Biden administration’s preference for announcing policies in tandem with allies to counter rival powers, as it did with sanctions against Russia. |
| 考虑到拜登政府倾向于跟盟友一起宣布对抗大国竞争者的政策，例如对俄罗斯的制裁，这些措施尤其引人注目。 |
| With China, the administration spent months in discussions with allies, including the Dutch, Japanese, South Korean, Israeli and British governments, and tried to persuade some of them to issue restrictions alongside the United States. |
| 在中国问题上，政府与包括荷兰、日本、韩国、以色列和英国政府在内的盟友进行了数月的讨论，并试图说服其中一些国家与美国一道发布限制措施。 |
| But some of those governments have been hesitant to cut off important commerce with China, one of the world’s largest technology markets. So the Biden administration decided to act alone, without public measures from allies. |
| 但其中一些政府对切断与中国的重要商业活动一直犹豫不决，中国是全球最大的技术市场之一。因此，拜登政府决定在盟友未采取公开措施的情况下单独行动。 |
| Gregory C. Allen, a former Defense Department official who is now at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said the move came after consultation with allies but was “fundamentally unilateral.” |
| 前国防部官员、现任职于战略与国际研究中心的格雷戈里·艾伦表示，此举是在与盟友磋商后做出的，但“从根本上说是单方面的”。 |
| “In weaponizing its dominant choke-point positions in the global semiconductor value chain, the United States is exercising technological and geopolitical power on an incredible scale,” he wrote in an analysis. |
| “通过将其在全球半导体价值链中的主导地位武器化，美国正在以令人难以置信的规模行使技术和地缘政治实力，”他在分析报告中写道。 |
| The package of restrictions allows the administration to cut off China from certain advanced chips made by American and foreign companies that use U.S. technology. |
| 这些限制措施允许政府禁止中国购买美国和外国公司生产的使用了美国技术的某些先进芯片。 |
| U.S. officials described the decision to push ahead with export controls as a show of leadership. They said some allies wanted to impose similar measures but feared retaliation from China, so the rules from Washington that encompass foreign companies did the hard work for them. |
| 美国官员称，推进出口管制的决定是一种领导力的展示。他们表示，一些盟友希望采取类似措施，但担心来自中国的报复，因此华盛顿涵盖外国公司的规则替它们完成了艰巨的任务。 |
| Other rules bar American companies from selling Chinese firms equipment or components needed to manufacture advanced chips, and prohibit Americans and U.S. companies from giving software updates and other services to China’s cutting-edge chip factories. |
| 其他规定禁止美国公司向中国公司出售制造先进芯片所需的设备或部件，并禁止美国人和美国公司向中国的尖端芯片工厂提供软件更新和其他服务。 |
| The measures do not directly restrict foreign makers of semiconductor equipment from selling products to China. But experts said the absence of the American equipment would most likely impede China’s nascent industry for making advanced chips. Eventually, though, that leverage could fade as China develops its own key production technologies. |
| 这些措施并没有直接限制外国半导体设备制造商向中国销售产品。但专家们表示，美国设备的缺失很可能会阻碍中国制造先进芯片的新兴产业。不过，随着中国开发自己的关键生产技术，这种影响力最终可能会减弱。 |
| Some companies have chafed at the idea of losing sales in a lucrative market. In a call with investors in August, an executive at Tokyo Electron in Japan said the company was “very concerned” that restrictions could prevent its Chinese customers from producing chips. ASML, the Dutch equipment maker, has expressed criticisms. |
| 一些公司对于可能失去一个利润丰厚的市场感到恼火。今年8月，日本东京电子的一名高管在与投资者的电话中表示，该公司“非常担心”限制措施可能会阻止其中国客户生产芯片。荷兰设备制造商阿斯麦也表达了批评意见。 |
| Chinese officials called the U.S. restrictions a significant step aimed at sabotaging their country’s development. The move could have broad implications — for example, limiting advances in artificial intelligence that propel autonomous driving, video recommendation algorithms and gene sequencing, as well as quashing China’s chip-making industry. |
| 中国官员称，美国的限制措施是旨在破坏中国发展的重大举措。此举可能产生广泛影响，例如限制推动自动驾驶的人工智能、视频推荐算法和基因测序的进步，以及打压中国的芯片制造业。 |
| China could respond by punishing foreign companies with operations there. And the way Washington is imposing the rules could strain U.S. alliances, some experts say. |
| 作为回应，中国可能会惩罚在华经营的外国公司。一些专家说，华盛顿实施这些规定的方式可能会给美国的盟友带来压力。 |
| “Sanctions that put the United States at odds with its allies and partners today will both undercut their effectiveness and make it harder to enroll a broad coalition of states in U.S. deterrence efforts,” said Jessica Chen Weiss, a professor of government at Cornell University and a recent State Department official. |
| 康奈尔大学政府学教授、最近出任国务院官员的白洁曦(Jessica Chen Weiss)说：“如今让美国与其盟友和合作伙伴产生分歧的制裁不仅会削弱制裁的效力，也很难让更多国家参与到美国的威慑努力中来。” |
| Others have argued that the moves did not come soon enough. For years, U.S. intelligence reports warned that American technology was feeding China’s efforts to develop advanced weapons and surveillance networks that police its citizens. |
| 也有人认为这些举措来得还不够快。多年来，美国的情报报告一直警告，美国的技术正在为中国发展先进武器和建立公民监视网络提供支持。 |
| Last October, the intelligence community began highlighting the risks posed by Chinese advances in artificial intelligence, quantum computing and semiconductors in meetings with industry and government officials. |
| 去年10月，情报界在与业界和政府官员的会议上开始强调中国在人工智能、量子计算和半导体领域的进步带来的风险。 |
| Mr. Sullivan and other officials began pushing to curb sales of semiconductor technology, according to current and former officials and others familiar with the discussions. |
| 据现任和前任官员以及其他知情人士说，沙利文和其他官员开始推动限制半导体技术的销售。 |
| But some officials, including Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo and her deputies, wanted to first secure the cooperation of allies. Starting late last year, they said in meetings that by acting alone, the United States risked harming its companies without doing much to stop Chinese firms from buying important technology from foreign competitors. |
| 但包括商务部长吉娜·雷蒙多及其副手在内的一些官员希望首先确保盟友的参与。从去年年底开始，他们在会议上表示，美国单方面采取行动可能会损害本国企业的利益，却无法阻止中国企业从外国竞争对手那里购买重要技术。 |
| A Diplomatic Push |
| 外交推动 |
| Even as the Trump administration took some aggressive actions against Chinese technology, like barring international shipments to Huawei, it began quiet diplomacy on semiconductor production equipment. U.S. officials talked with their counterparts in Japan and then the Netherlands — countries where companies make critical tools — on limiting exports to China, said Matthew Pottinger, a deputy national security adviser in the Trump administration. |
| 特朗普政府对中国技术采取了一些激进的行动，比如禁止华为的国际供货，但它也开始在半导体生产设备方面悄悄进行外交往来。特朗普政府的国家安全副顾问马修·波廷格表示，日本和荷兰是制造关键工具的国家，美国官员与这两个国家的官员就限制对中国的出口进行了讨论。 |
| Biden administration officials have continued those talks, but some negotiations have been difficult. U.S. officials spent months trying to persuade the Netherlands to prevent ASML from selling older lithography machines to Chinese semiconductor companies, but they were rebuffed. |
| 拜登政府官员持续进行会谈，但一些谈判一直很困难。美国官员花了几个月的时间试图说服荷兰阻止阿斯麦向中国半导体公司出售较早版本的光刻机，但遭到拒绝。 |
| U.S. officials carried out separate negotiations with South Korea, Taiwan, Israel and Britain on restricting the sale and design of chips. |
| 美国官员分别与韩国、台湾、以色列和英国就限制芯片的销售和设计进行了谈判。 |
| Outside of the diplomacy, there was increasing evidence that a tool the United States had used to restrict China’s access to technology had serious flaws. Under President Donald J. Trump, the United States added hundreds of companies to a so-called entity list that prohibited American companies from selling them sensitive products without a license. |
| 在外交之外，越来越多的证据表明，美国用来限制中国获得技术的工具存在严重缺陷。在特朗普总统的领导下，美国将数百家公司添加到所谓的实体名单中，该名单禁止美国公司在没有许可证的情况下向他们出售敏感产品。 |
| But each listing was tied to a specific company name and address, making it relatively easy to evade the restrictions, said Ivan Kanapathy, a former China director for the National Security Council. |
| 但国家安全委员会前中国事务主任伊万·卡纳帕西表示，每个实体名单关联的都是具体的公司名称和地址，因此规避限制相对容易。 |
| Current and former U.S. officials suspect the Chinese military and previously sanctioned Chinese companies, including Huawei, have tried to gain access to restricted technology through front companies. Huawei declined to comment. |
| 现任和前任美国官员怀疑，中国军方和此前受到制裁的中国公司，包括华为，试图通过挂名公司获取受限技术。华为拒绝置评。 |
| Huawei could soon face additional restrictions: The Federal Communications Commission is expected to vote in the coming weeks on rules that would block the authorization of new Huawei equipment in the United States over national security concerns. |
| 华为可能很快会面临额外的限制：预计美国联邦通信委员会将在未来几周内以国家安全为由，投票决定阻止华为新设备在美国获得授权的规则。 |
| Biden officials also believed the restrictions issued by the Trump administration against Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, a major Chinese chip maker known as SMIC, had been watered down by industry and were allowing too many sales to continue, people familiar with the matter said. |
| 知情人士说，拜登官员还认为，特朗普政府对中芯国际的中国主要芯片制造商中芯国际实施的限制措施已被行业淡化，许多不应继续的销售得以继续。 |
| In a call with heads of American semiconductor equipment makers in March, Mr. Sullivan said that the United States was no longer satisfied with the status quo with China, and that it was seeking to freeze Chinese technology, said one executive familiar with the discussion. |
| 一位熟悉讨论情况的高管表示，在3月与美国半导体设备制造商负责人的电话会议中，沙利文表示，美国不再对中国限制措施的现状感到满意，它正在寻求冻结中国技术。 |
| Mr. Sullivan, who had dialed into the call alongside Ms. Raimondo and Brian Deese, the director of the National Economic Council, told executives from KLA, Applied Materials and Lam Research that rules restricting equipment shipments to China would be done with allies, the executive said. |
| 与沙利文共同参会的还有雷蒙多和国家经济委员会主任布赖恩·迪斯。该高管称，沙利文告诉KLA、应用材料公司(Applied Materials)和泛林集团的高管，限制向中国出口设备的规则将与盟友一起制定。 |
| In a statement, the National Security Council said the measures were “consistent with the message we delivered to U.S. executives because the administration has controlled only tools made by U.S. companies where there is no foreign competitor.” |
| 美国国家安全委员会在一份声明中表示，这些措施“与我们向美国企管人士传达的信息一致，因为政府只控制没有外国竞争对手的美国公司制造的工具”。 |
| Breakthrough in China |
| 中国取得突破 |
| As negotiations with allied governments continued, experts at the Commerce, Defense, Energy and State Departments spent months poring over spreadsheets listing dozens of semiconductor tools made by U.S. companies to determine which could be used for advanced chip production and whether companies in Japan and the Netherlands produced comparable equipment. |
| 随着与盟国政府的谈判继续进行，商务部、国防部、能源部和国务院的专家花费数月时间，仔细研究列出美国公司制造的数十种半导体工具的电子表格，以确定哪些可用于先进芯片生产，以及日本和荷兰的公司是否生产了类似的设备。 |
| Then in July came alarming news. A report emerged that SMIC had cleared a major technological hurdle, producing a semiconductor that rivaled some complex chips made in Taiwan. |
| 然后，7月传来令人震惊的消息。有报道称，中芯国际已经清除了一个重大技术障碍，生产的半导体可以与台湾制造的一些复杂芯片相媲美。 |
| The achievement prompted an explosion of dissatisfaction in the White House and on Capitol Hill with U.S. efforts to restrain China’s technological advancement. |
| 这一成就引发了白宫和国会山对美国对中国技术进步的限制措施的不满。 |
| The Biden administration took action in August to clamp down on China’s semiconductor industry, sending letters to equipment manufacturers and chip makers barring them from selling certain products to China. |
| 拜登政府于8月采取行动打压中国的半导体产业，致函设备制造商和芯片制造商，禁止他们向中国出售某些产品。 |
| Last week, the administration issued the rules with global reach. |
| 上周，政府发布了覆盖全球范围的规则。 |
| Companies immediately began halting shipments to China. But U.S. officials said they would issue licenses on a case-by-case basis so some non-Chinese companies could continue supplying their Chinese facilities with support and components. Intel, TSMC, Samsung and SK Hynix said they had received temporary exemptions to the rules. |
| 公司立即开始停止向中国发货。但美国官员表示，他们将根据具体情况颁发许可证，以便一些非中国公司可以继续向其中国设施提供支持和零部件。英特尔、台积电、三星和SK海力士表示，他们已获得临时豁免。 |
| The controls could be the beginning of a broad assault by the U.S. government, Mr. Pottinger said. |
| 波廷格说，这些控制措施可能是美国政府大规模攻势的开始。 |
| “The Biden administration understands now that it isn’t enough for America to run faster — we also need to actively hamper the P.R.C.’s ambitions for tech dominance,” he said, referring to the People’s Republic of China. “This marks a serious evolution in the administration’s thinking.” |
| “拜登政府现在明白，仅仅让美国跑得更快是不够的——我们还需要积极阻碍中国在科技领域占据主导地位的野心，”他说。“这标志着政府思想的重大转变。” |
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