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| Perhat Tursun was eager for his novel, “The Backstreets,” to come out in the United States. It would be the first Uyghur novel to appear in English, and he considered the grim tale of one man’s struggle within an oppressive environment one of his most consequential works. |
| 帕尔哈提·吐尔逊非常渴望自己的小说《后街》(The Backstreets)能在美国出版。这将是第一部用英文出版的维吾尔小说，他认为这个讲述了一个人在压迫环境中挣扎的残酷故事是他最重要的作品之一。 |
| But Darren Byler, who translated the volume and is a leading scholar on Uyghur culture and Chinese surveillance, was reluctant to go ahead. The text was ready by 2015, but the crackdown on Uyghurs living in China’s far western region of Xinjiang left him concerned for Tursun, and for his Uyghur co-translator. Publishing the book in English, he feared, might heighten their exposure. |
| 但是本书的译者、研究维吾尔文化和中国监控的知名学者达伦·拜勒曾经犹豫要不要这么做。译文在2015年就已经完成，但对中国西部偏远地区新疆的维吾尔人的镇压令让他为吐尔逊和他的维吾尔合译者担忧。他担心用英文出版这本书可能会增加他们的曝光率。 |
| Hundreds of Uyghur intellectuals were detained in China as part of a repression campaign targeting predominantly Muslim ethnic minorities that started in 2016, then escalated. Researchers say that as many as one million or more Uyghurs and Kazakhs were sent to indoctrination camps that the government called vocational training programs. Expressions of cultural identity or faith were heavily restricted. The United Nations said that the detentions could be considered “crimes against humanity.” |
| 这场针对穆斯林为主的少数民族的镇压运动始于2016年，而后不断升级，其中数以百计的维吾尔知识分子在中国被拘禁。研究人员表示，多达100万或更多的维吾尔和哈萨克人被送入政府称为职业培训项目的教化营。文化身份或信仰的表达受到严重限制。联合国表示，这些拘禁可以被视为“危害人类罪”。 |
| By 2018, Tursun and Byler’s co-translator, a Uyghur man who asked to remain anonymous, were among those who disappeared into the camps. The New York Times confirmed the co-translator’s identity with Byler and with the book’s publisher, and is withholding his name to protect him from retaliation from the state. |
| 2018年，吐尔逊和拜勒的合译者——一位要求匿名的维吾尔男子——都成了消失在拘禁营里的人。《纽约时报》向拜勒和该书的出版商确认了这位合译者的身份，但为保护他免受政府报复而隐去他的姓名。 |
| With the two men in detention, it was time to publish the book, Byler said. |
| 拜勒说，由于这两人被拘禁，现在是时候出版这本书了。 |
| “They deserve to have their voices and their work recognized,” he said. |
| “他们的声音和工作理应得到认可，”他说。 |
| “The Backstreets,” which Columbia University Press published on Tuesday, takes place in a smoggy provincial capital where an unnamed narrator trying to escape rural poverty finds work as a token minority hire in a bleak government unit dominated by Han Chinese, the largest ethnic group in China. Alienated and left to roam the streets alone, he slowly descends into mental illness, seeking solace in a reservoir of memories, rituals and dreams. |
| 哥伦比亚大学出版社周二出版的《后街》讲述了一个发生在雾霾弥漫的首府城市的故事，一个无名叙述者试图摆脱农村的贫困，到一个阴森的政府部门找到一份工作，在这个由中国最大民族汉族主导的地方，成为装门面用的少数民族人士。他被疏远，独自在街上游荡，慢慢地陷入精神疾病，在种种记忆、仪式和梦想里寻求慰藉。 |
| “It describes Perhat’s inner world,” said Tahir Hamut Izgil, a prominent Uyghur poet based in the United States who has known Tursun since their university days in the 1980s. |
| “它描述了帕尔哈提的内心世界，”生活在美国的著名维吾尔诗人塔希尔·哈穆特·伊兹吉尔说，他在上世纪80年代上大学期间认识了吐尔逊。 |
| The oppressive atmosphere of the novel transcends fiction. |
| 小说中压抑的气氛超越了虚构的范畴。 |
| In the 1950s, thousands of Han Chinese flocked to Xinjiang to develop its large reserves of oil and minerals, heeding Mao Zedong’s calls to “open up the West” in China’s version of Manifest Destiny. By 2020, according to the census, 10.9 million of Xinjiang’s 20 million residents were Han. But as these settlers accrued wealth, state policies and widespread racism precluded many Uyghurs from owning businesses or finding jobs; many were limited to low-income labor even as living expenses soared. |
| 20世纪50年代，成千上万汉族人涌入新疆，开发那里的丰富石油和矿产储备，他们响应毛泽东的号召来“开发西部”，相当于中国版的“昭昭天命”。根据人口普查，到2020年，新疆2000万居民中有1090万是汉族人。但随着这些定居者积累财富，国家政策和普遍存在的种族主义使许多维吾尔人无法开公司或找到工作；即使生活费用飙升，许多人也只能从事低收入劳动。 |
| Born in 1969, Tursun spent his childhood in a village near the city of Atush, in Xinjiang, Byler wrote in the book's introduction. At 14, he joined the early cohorts of Uyghur students to enroll at the Minzu University of China in Beijing, which trains students from regions with large ethnic minority populations to become party bureaucrats. “The Backstreets” was informed by his experiences in Han-dominated environments as a student and, later, as a government worker, Izgil said. |
| 拜勒在小说前言中写道，吐尔逊出生于1969年，童年在新疆阿图什市附近的一个村庄度过。14岁时，他成为第一批入读位于北京的中央民族大学的维吾尔学生。这所大学将来自少数民族聚居地区的学生培养为党内官员。伊兹吉尔说，《后街》的灵感来自他作为学生以及后来在政府工作期间，在汉人占主导地位的环境中生活的经历。 |
| In his first meeting with Byler about the translation of “The Backstreets,” Tursun said that five of his Uyghur classmates had suffered mental breakdowns while in university, prompting him to draw connections between alienation and mental health in his writing. According to Byler, he also cited Albert Camus’s “The Plague,” with its depictions of fog, as a major influence: A miasmatic fog looms in “The Backstreets,” and the frosty treatment of the protagonist by Han Chinese added to the inhospitable surroundings in the novel. |
| 在第一次与拜勒就《后街》的翻译工作见面时，吐尔逊说，他有五个维吾尔同学在大学期间精神崩溃，促使他在写作中把异化和心理健康联系起来。拜勒说，他还提到了阿尔贝·加缪的《鼠疫》，这本小说中对雾的描述对他产生了很大的影响：《后街》中弥漫着有毒的雾霾，汉人对主人公的冷漠态度，使得小说中荒凉的环境显得更加恶劣。 |
| “Fog symbolizes various related things in the novel: obfuscation, mystery, dreams, confusion, death, and failed salvation as eternal punishment,” wrote Mamtimin Ala, a philosopher and author of the essay collection “Worse than Death: Reflections on the Uyghur Genocide,” in an email. “It is a metaphor for vagueness and uncertainty, capturing the essence of Uyghur reality.” |
| “雾在小说中象征着各种相关的东西：困惑、神秘、梦想、困惑、死亡，以及作为永恒惩罚的救赎失败，”哲学家、散文集《比死更糟——维吾尔种族灭绝反思》(Worse than death: Reflections on the Uyghur Genocide)的作者买买提明·阿拉在一封电子邮件中写道。“这是对模糊和不确定的隐喻，抓住了维吾尔人现实的本质。” |
| Like the protagonist, Tursun found work at a government institute after graduating. His favorite part of the job as a researcher of ethnic arts, Izgil said, was the ample time it allowed for literary pursuits. Tursun published poems, essays and fiction exploring subjects such as sex and suicide, running afoul of Quranic teachings and making him a gadfly in the majority Muslim Uyghur community in Xinjiang. |
| 和主人公一样，吐尔逊毕业后在一家政府机构找到了工作。伊兹吉尔说，作为一名民族艺术研究人员，他工作中最好的一面是有了充足的时间进行文学创作。吐尔逊发表了探索性爱和自杀等主题的诗歌、散文和小说，与《古兰经》教义相抵触，这使他在新疆维吾尔穆斯林社区中显得格格不入。 |
| In Tursun’s 1991 novella, “Messiah Desert,” published in Uyghur, he delved into the teachings of Jesus. His 1999 novel, “The Art of Suicide,” also published in Uyghur, contained frank passages about sex, mental illness and suicidal thoughts. It drew the ire of Yalqun Rozi, a prominent Uyghur writer and critic who branded him a heretic in scathing reviews. |
| 在1991年用维吾尔文出版的中篇小说《弥赛亚的荒凉》中，他深入探究了耶稣的教义。1999年，他的小说《自杀的艺术》也以维吾尔文出版，其中有关于性、精神疾病和自杀念头的坦率段落。这引起了著名维吾尔作家和评论家牙里坤·肉孜的愤怒，他发表严厉的评论，称吐尔逊是异端。 |
| Tursun had trouble finding a publisher in China in the years that followed. “The Backstreets,” which he wrote in the early 1990s, was among the works he first published online in a Uyghur literary forum, in 2013. |
| 接下来的几年里，吐尔逊在中国很难找到出版方。他的一些作品是2013年在一个维吾尔文学论坛上的首次发表的，其中包括在上世纪90年代创作的《后街》。 |
| Reflecting Tursun’s experience of feeling invisible, the protagonist in “The Backstreets” repeats the line, “No one in this city recognizes me, so it’s impossible for me to be friends or even enemies with anyone,” to himself like an incantation. |
| 《后街》中的主人公像念咒语一样，自言自语地重复着一句话：“这座城市里没有人认识我，所以我不可能和任何人成为朋友甚至敌人”，反映出了吐尔逊被忽视的经历。 |
| Byler, a professor at Simon Fraser University, in Canada, first heard about “The Backstreets” when he was in Xinjiang doing ethnographic research in 2014. He was particularly interested in the experiences of Uyghur men who had migrated to the city from the countryside. |
| 拜勒是加拿大西蒙·弗雷泽大学的教授。2014年，他在新疆做民族志研究时第一次听说了《后街》。他对从农村迁移到城市的维吾尔男性的经历特别感兴趣。 |
| Ethnic violence had been on the rise in Xinjiang for years. State news organizations frequently reported on attacks by Uyghurs, many of whom resented policies imposed by a Han-dominated government. After riots in 2009 during which the authorities said nearly 200 people were killed by Uyghurs, and two attacks on a market and a train station in 2014 that left about 40 people dead, the state’s crackdown on Uyghurs intensified. |
| 多年来，新疆的民族暴力事件持续上升。国家新闻机构经常报道维吾尔人制造的袭击事件，其中许多人对汉族主导的政府实施的政策感到不满。在2009年的骚乱中，当局称近200人被维吾尔人杀害，2014年在一座市场和一座火车站的两次袭击造成约40人死亡，国家加大了对维吾尔人的镇压力度。 |
| The government put the region under surveillance, removed signs in Arabic script, destroyed mosques, pushed birth control measures for Muslim women and sent their children to boarding schools. The measures also included collecting DNA samples from members of the ethnic group. |
| 政府对该地区进行了监视，拆除用阿拉伯文字书写的标志，摧毁清真寺，推动对穆斯林妇女的节育措施，并将他们的孩子送到寄宿学校。这些措施还包括收集维吾尔人的DNA样本。 |
| Byler didn’t want to silence Tursun, but the vast campaign of surveillance and oppression left him wary of publishing “The Backstreets.” |
| 拜勒不想让吐尔逊被噤声，但大规模的监视和压迫运动让他对出版《后街》持谨慎态度。 |
| “It has all these postcolonial, decolonial, anti-racist themes,” he said of the novel. Appearing in English, he said, it would “bring much more scrutiny to Perhat than there was before.” |
| “它有所有这些后殖民、去殖民、反种族主义的主题，”他谈到这部小说时说。他说，这部用英文出版的书将“给帕尔哈提带来比以往更多的审视”。 |
| The fate of the book’s co-translator was also at stake. |
| 这本书的合译者也身处险境。 |
| The co-translator, Byler said, is from a village in southern Xinjiang, and enjoyed reading Western literature and accessing uncensored news and American films through a VPN. In “The Backstreets,” he recognized his own pain, Byler wrote in an essay for Words Without Borders. |
| 拜勒说，合译者来自新疆南部的一个村庄，喜欢阅读西方文学作品，并通过VPN访问未经审查的新闻和美国电影。在《后街》中，他认识到了自己的痛苦，拜勒在一篇为文字无国界(Words Without Borders)撰写的文章中写道。 |
| To avoid unwanted attention from the authorities, who were routinely searching Uyghur neighborhoods in Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang, Byler and the co-translator worked in a cafe. They parsed the novel’s winding sentences over cups of sweet tea and bowls of hand-pulled noodles and rice pilaf, Byler said. The co-translator explained the references to Uyghur village customs, such as the practice of using song to measure the time it takes to travel from one place to another. Over time, Byler wrote, he also opened up about the harassment he had endured as he tried to find work in the cities. |
| 当局经常搜查新疆首府乌鲁木齐的维吾尔人社区，为了避免引起当局不必要的注意，拜勒与合译者在一家小餐馆工作。拜勒说，他们喝着甜茶、吃着拉条子和手抓饭，分析小说中那些婉转曲折的句子。合译者解释了诗中引用的维吾尔族村庄的习俗，例如使用歌曲来衡量从一个地方到另一个地方所需时间。拜勒写道，随着时间的推移，他也逐渐吐露了自己在城市找工作时所遭受的骚扰。 |
| In 2017, two years after Byler left Xinjiang, the co-translator reached out saying they could no longer contact each other directly because of the scrutiny it would bring. The authorities had begun sending intellectuals to internment camps. Tursun and his critic, Rozi, were both targeted, despite their opposing views. |
| 2017年，也就是拜勒离开新疆两年后，这位合译者告诉他以后不能再直接联系，因为这会引发审查。当局已开始将知识分子送往拘禁营。吐尔逊和他的批评者肉孜都成为了攻击目标，尽管他们的观点相左。 |
| “Their imprisonment is a further example of the fact that the Chinese government’s targeting of Uyghurs has nothing to do with individuals beliefs, ideologies and actions,” said Joshua Freeman, an assistant research fellow at the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, in Taipei, who has translated several of Tursun’s poems into English. “Perhat’s crime was being born a Uyghur.” |
| 台北中央研究院现代历史研究所助理研究员乔舒亚说：“他们被监禁进一步证明了中国政府针对维吾尔人的行动与个人信仰、意识形态和行为无关。帕尔哈提的罪行是生来是维吾尔人。”他将吐尔逊的几首诗翻译成了英文。 |
| Around the time Tursun disappeared, Byler heard through another researcher that the co-translator had been taken away to a camp, though it remains unclear whether he was charged with a crime. In 2020, Uyghur advocacy groups and news outlets reported that Tursun had received a 16-year sentence. |
| 大约在吐尔逊失踪的时候，拜勒通过另一位研究人员听说，合译者已被带到一个拘禁营，但目前尚不清楚他是否被指控犯罪。2020年，维吾尔倡导团体和新闻媒体报道说，吐尔逊被判16年徒刑。 |
| On hearing the news, Byler decided that it was time to publish Tursun’s book. “There’s no reason to delay anymore,” he said. |
| 听到这个消息，拜勒决定是时候出版吐尔逊的书了。“没有理由再拖延了，”他说。 |
| Izgil, Tursun’s longtime friend, said that if the novelist survives detention, he will be very pleased to learn that his words had reached readers around the world. Tursun had always cared deeply about the treatment of Uyghurs, Izgil said, but he hoped that his friend’s novel would be read primarily as a work of literature. |
| 吐尔逊的老朋友伊兹吉尔说，如果这位小说家在拘禁中幸存下来，知道他的诗已经传到了世界各地的读者手中，他将会非常高兴。伊兹吉尔说，吐尔逊一直非常关心维吾尔人的待遇，但伊兹吉尔希望他朋友的小说能首先被作为文学作品来阅读。 |
| “There’s not a lot of need to look for political meaning,” he said. “He is a unique and unparalleled writer. He writes in Uyghur. This is already enough.” |
| “不太需要寻找政治意义，”他说。“他是一位独特而无与伦比的作家。他用维吾尔语写作。这已经足够了。” |
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