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| A CONTINENT ERUPTS: Decolonization, Civil War, and Massacre in Postwar Asia, 1945-1955, by Ronald H. Spector | 《大陆爆发——1945-1955年战后亚洲的去殖民化、内战和大屠杀》，作者罗纳德·H·斯佩克特 |
| Early on the morning of Sept. 2, 1945, Gen. Douglas MacArthur boarded the battleship U.S.S. Missouri to preside over the ceremony marking the Japanese surrender in World War II. Among the representatives of the nine Allied nations was a group of defeated colonial officials. Lt. Gen. Arthur Percival, who had surrendered Malaya to the Japanese, was there. So was General Philippe Leclerc, “a hero of the European war, who had been recently dispatched to try to pick up the pieces in French Indochina.” The presence of these men, according to Ronald H. Spector’s marvelous new book, “A Continent Erupts,” may have been MacArthur’s way of “emphasizing the complete negation of Japan’s earlier military triumphs.” But it could also have been his way of “signifying the determination of the dispossessed imperial powers to reclaim their colonial real estate.” | 1945年9月2日清晨，道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军登上美国“密苏里号”战舰主持“二战”日本投降仪式。在九个同盟国的代表中，有一群战败的殖民官员。向日本投降并交出马来亚的白思华中将也在场。菲利普·勒克莱尔将军也在那里，他是“欧洲战争的英雄，最近被派去收拾法属印度支那的残局”。根据罗纳德·H·斯佩克特的精彩新书《大陆爆发》，这些人的出现可能是麦克阿瑟“强调完全否定日本早期军事胜利”的方式。但这也可能是他“表明被剥夺的帝国势力决心收回其殖民地”的方式。 |
| Which was it? In the decade after Japan’s high-flying ambitions to dominate the Asian continent crashed and burned, East and Southeast Asia became the most violent region of the globe. As nationalist wars erupted in Indochina and Indonesia, China and Korea became engulfed in violent, internecine conflicts. An estimated 2,500,000 combatants died in the Chinese Civil War, about 800,000 in the Korean War, about 400,000 in the French Indochina War, and at least 50,000 in the Indonesian War of Independence. Among civilians, up to 16 million in China, 5 million in Korea, and 300,000 in Indonesia perished. | 究竟是哪个？在日本称霸亚洲大陆的雄心壮志破灭后的十年里，东亚和东南亚成为全球最暴力的地区。印度支那和印度尼西亚爆发民族主义战争，中国和朝鲜半岛也陷入了暴力、自相残杀的冲突。估计有250万战斗人员在中国内战中丧生，约80万人在朝鲜战争中丧生，约40万人在法属印度支那战争中丧生，至少5万人在印度尼西亚独立战争中丧生。至于平民，中国有多达1600万人丧生，韩国500万人，印度尼西亚30万人。 |
| But as Spector’s book reveals, the sources of this bloody mayhem were complex. Far from being the result of “the struggle against white supremacy” as the old colonial powers attempted to reclaim their former empires, the wars of liberation in the first decades after 1945 took on the character of civil wars. | 但正如斯佩克特的书中所揭示的，这场血腥混乱的根源很复杂。1945年之后数年的解放战争具有内战的特征，远非随旧殖民列强试图收复昔日帝国而来的“反对白人至上斗争”。 |
| The peoples of formerly occupied territories held vastly different visions about their postcolonial future, which also helps to explain the savagery of much of the fighting. Friends and foes became hard to distinguish. | 前占领土的人民对他们的后殖民未来有着截然不同的看法，这也有助于解释大部分战斗的血腥。朋友和敌人变得难以区分。 |
| Even the defeated Japanese became part of the mix. A significant number cooperated with the nationalists to battle for Indonesian independence, providing arms, ammunition and tactical training. Others fought alongside the Vietminh against the French and the British in Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh often welcomed Japanese help if it meant neutralizing his Vietnamese opponents. | 甚至被击败的日本人也参与其中。相当一部分人与民族主义者合作，提供武器、弹药和战术训练，为印度尼西亚独立而战。还有人在越南与越盟并肩作战，对抗法国人和英国人。胡志明经常欢迎日本的帮助，这意味着压制他的越南对手。 |
| And after waging a brutal war against the Japanese for eight long years, Chiang Kai-shek cut secret deals with Japan in 1945-46 and actually engaged some Japanese troops against the Chinese communists — the same communists who had also fought to resist Japan between 1937 and 1945. | 在同日本进行了长达八年的残酷战争之后，蒋介石在1945-1946年间与日本达成了秘密交易，并实际上让一些日本军队对抗中国共产党——正是在1937年至1945年同样参加抗日战争的共产党人。 |
| Meanwhile, a significant number of Korean Christians became fierce anti-communists following their persecution by fellow Koreans in the Soviet-occupied northern zone after the peninsula was divided in 1945. These ardent anti-communists fled south and worked alongside the Americans to help lead the bloody suppression campaigns of leftist insurgents during the initial battles of the “first” Korean War (1948-50). | 与此同时，在1945年半岛分裂后，在苏联占领的北部地区受到朝鲜同胞迫害后，相当数量的韩国基督徒变成了激烈的反共分子。这些坚定的反共分子向南逃跑，与美国人并肩作战，帮助领导了在“第一次”朝鲜战争（1948-50年）的最初战斗中，对左翼叛乱分子的血腥镇压运动。 |
| Spector, an emeritus professor of history and international relations at George Washington University, does an excellent job of bringing alive this unruly and complicated story of postwar Asia. He is also wary of the view that the violence was a matter of Cold War proxies. “It might be more accurate to say that the Cold War did not spread to Asia; it was invited in.” All sides sought the material support of the United States and the Soviet Union while neither superpower desired the escalation of these internal conflicts into a global war. | 斯佩克特是乔治华盛顿大学历史与国际关系的荣休教授，他出色地再现了战后亚洲不受控制且异常复杂的历史。有观点认为，暴力是冷战代理人的事情，他对此持谨慎态度。“可能正准确的说法是，冷战不是蔓延到亚洲；而是被邀请到亚洲。”各方都寻求美国和苏联的物质支持，而两个超级大国都不希望这些内部冲突升级为全球战争。 |
| While the politics of the region gradually stabilized, the legacy of this violent history continues to be felt in what are now the two most dangerous flash points in the Asia-Pacific region: the Taiwan Strait and the Korean peninsula. Spector’s gripping book reveals the underlying motivations of these civil wars. In doing so, he helps us to understand why the legacy of these conflicts is still with us today. | 虽然该地区的政治逐渐稳定下来，但在亚太地区目前最危险的两个爆发点台湾海峡和朝鲜半岛，人们仍能持续感知这段暴力历史的遗留问题。斯佩克特这本扣人心弦的书揭示了这些内战的潜在动机。在这个过程中，他帮助我们理解为什么这些冲突的遗产今天仍然存在。 |
| A CONTINENT ERUPTS: Decolonization, Civil War, and Massacre in Postwar Asia, 1945-1955, by Ronald H. Spector | Illustrated | 538 pp. | W.W. Norton & Company | $40 | 《大陆爆发——1945-1955年战后亚洲的去殖民化、内战和大屠杀》，作者罗纳德·H·斯佩克特｜带插图｜538页｜W·W·诺顿公司出版｜40美元 |
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