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| The United States secretly manufactured biological weapons in Ukraine. It trained birds to carry pathogens into Russia. It created Covid-19. It operated laboratories in Nigeria that engineered this year’s outbreak of monkeypox. |
| 美国在乌克兰秘密制造生物武器。美国训练鸟类将病原体携带进俄罗斯。美国制造了新冠病毒。美国在尼日利亚运行的实验室制造了今年暴发的猴痘疫情。 |
| Of the many falsehoods that the Kremlin has spread since the war in Ukraine began more than six months ago, some of the most outlandish and yet enduring have been those accusing the United States of operating clandestine biological research programs to wreak havoc around the globe. |
| 自从六个多月前对乌克兰发动战争起，克里姆林宫就开始散布许多谎言，其中一些最离奇、但又最持久的谎言指控美国秘密进行生物武器研究，在全球各地制造破坏。 |
| The United States and others have dismissed the accusations as preposterous, and Russia has offered no proof. Yet the claims continue to circulate. Backed at times by China’s diplomats and state media, they have ebbed and flowed in international news reports, fueling conspiracy theories that linger online. |
| 美国和其他国家已指出，这些指控很荒谬，俄罗斯也没有提供任何证据。然而，这些指控仍在流传。在中国外交官和官方媒体时不时的支持下，这些谎言在国际新闻报道中时隐时现，助长了网上继续存在的阴谋论的流传。 |
| In Geneva this week, Russia has commanded an international forum to air its unsupported assertions again. The Biological Weapons Convention, the international treaty that since 1975 has barred the development and use of weapons made of biological toxins or pathogens, gives member nations the authority to request a formal hearing of violations, and Russia has invoked the first one in a quarter-century. |
| 本周在日内瓦，俄罗斯在一个国际论坛再次公开表述其没有任何证据的断言。《生物武器公约》是自1975年起禁止研发和使用用生物毒素或病原体制造的武器的国际条约，赋予成员国要求就违反条约行为举行正式听证会的权利。25年来，俄罗斯首次根据该条约提出举行听证会的要求。 |
| “This is the military biological Pandora’s box, which the United States has opened and filled more than once,” Irina A. Yarovaya, the deputy chair of the Russia’s lower house of Parliament, the State Duma, said last month. She is leading a parliamentary committee that was formed to “investigate” American support for biological research laboratories in Ukraine and elsewhere. |
| “这是军用生物的潘多拉魔盒，美国已经不止一次地打开并再装满，”俄罗斯议会下院、国家杜马副主席伊琳娜·雅洛瓦娅上月说。她正在领导一个议会委员会，其目的是“调查”美国在乌克兰和其他地方支持生物研究实验室的行为。 |
| Virtually no Western officials or experts expect Russia to produce, during the weeklong gathering, facts that corroborate the accusations. If the past is any guide, that will not stop Russia from making them. Experts say Russia is likely to use the mere existence of the investigative session, much of which will take place behind closed doors, to give its claims a patina of legitimacy. |
| 几乎没有西方官员或专家预计俄罗斯会在为期一周的听证会上拿出支持这些指控的事实证据。如果过去的经验有任何指导意义的话，可以预见，拿不出证据并不会阻止俄罗斯继续制提出这些指控。专家们说，俄罗斯可能只是要利用举行调查会议，来给其谎言披上一层合法的外衣。大多数调查会议将闭门进行。 |
| Russia’s propaganda campaign has sought to justify the invasion ordered by President Vladimir V. Putin, who in April cited a “network of Western bioweapons labs” as one of the threats that forced Russia to act. More broadly, though, the flurry of accusations has sought to discredit the United States and its allies — Ukraine’s most powerful supporters and, increasingly, the source of arms being used to fight Russian forces. |
| 俄罗斯的宣传运动试图为普京总统下令入侵乌克兰进行辩护。普京曾在今年4月把存在一个“西方生物武器实验室研发网”列为迫使俄罗斯采取行动的威胁之一。但从更广泛的意义上说，这些一连串的指控是为了抹黑美国及其盟友，他们是乌克兰最强有力的支持者，而且日益成为用于打击俄罗斯军队的武器的来源国。 |
| Even when unsupported by fact, the accusations have played into pre-existing attitudes toward American dominance in foreign affairs. The consequence has been to sow division and doubt — not necessarily to build support for Russia’s invasion, but to deflect some of the blame to the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. |
| 即使没有事实依据，这些指控也是正中对美国主导外交事务长期不满者的下怀。散布谣言的结果是播下分歧和怀疑的种子，不一定都是为了赢得人们对俄罗斯入侵的支持，而是为了能把部分责任推给美国和北大西洋公约组织。 |
| The notoriety of Russia’s accusations about secret weapons production could also erode confidence in genuine biological research, much as the debate over the origins of Covid-19 has. |
| 被俄罗斯指控秘密研发生物武器的恶名也可能削弱人们对真正生物研究的信心，就像关于新冠病毒起源的讨论一样。 |
| “The message is constantly about these labs, and that will erode confidence in that infrastructure and the work that’s being performed,” said Filippa Lentzos, an expert on biological threats and security at King’s College London. “And it will significantly undermine global biosafety and biosecurity efforts, so it does have consequences.” |
| “总是散发关于这些实验室的信息，这将削弱人们对这方面的基础设施和进行中的研究的信心，”伦敦大学国王学院的生物威胁和安全专家菲利帕·伦佐斯说。“这将严重破坏全球生物安全性和生物保护措施方面的努力，因此这的确是有后果的。” |
| Russia added the outbreak of monkeypox to its list of American transgressions in April. Gen. Igor A. Kirillov, the head of the Russian Army’s radiological, chemical and biological defense force, insinuated that the United States had started the latest outbreak because it supported four research laboratories in Nigeria where the epidemic began to spread. |
| 今年4月，俄罗斯把猴痘疫情暴发增加到其指控美国所犯罪行的名单上。俄罗斯军队的放射、化学和生物防御部队负责人伊戈尔·基利洛夫上将暗示说，美国是最近这轮猴痘疫情暴发的始作俑者，因为美国在尼日利亚支持四个研究实验室，而疫情是从那里开始的。 |
| In the months after the general’s comments, there were nearly 4,000 articles in Russian media, many of them shared on Twitter, Facebook and other social media platforms, according to research conducted by Zignal Labs for The New York Times. |
| 根据Zignal Labs为《纽约时报》所做的研究，在这位上将发表评论后的几个月里，俄罗斯媒体发表了近4000篇文章，其中许多在Twitter、Facebook和其他社交媒体平台上传播。 |
| For evidence of a conspiracy, some of the Russian reports pointed to a simulation in 2021 at the Munich Security Conference, an annual gathering of defense officials and experts from around the world. The simulation, intended to test how well countries would contain a new pandemic, posited a hypothetical monkeypox outbreak that began in a fictional country called Brinia and caused 270 million deaths. |
| 俄罗斯的一些报道指向2021年慕尼黑安全会议上的一次模拟活动，将其用作阴谋论的佐证，慕尼黑安全会议是来自世界各地的国防官员和专家的年度聚会。那次模拟假设猴痘在一个名为Brinia的虚构国家开始暴发，并导致2.7亿人死亡，模拟旨在测试各国遏制新流行病的能力。 |
| The Russian reports circulated so widely that the advocacy group that designed the exercise, the Nuclear Threat Initiative, put out a statement in May trying to tamp down any misconception. |
| 俄罗斯的报道流传甚广，以至于设计模拟的倡导组织“核威胁倡议”在5月发表声明，试图消除误解。 |
| “We have no reason to believe that the current outbreak involves an engineered pathogen, as we have not seen any compelling evidence that would support such a hypothesis,” the organization, based in Washington, wrote. “We also do not believe that the current outbreak has the potential to spread as rapidly as the fictional, engineered pathogen in our scenario or to cause such a high case fatality rate.” |
| “我们没有理由相信当前的疫情是由某种人工改造病原体造成，因为我们还没有看到任何令人信服的证据来支持这种假设，”总部位于华盛顿的该组织写道。“我们也不认为当前的疫情有可能像我们设想的虚构人工改造病原体那样迅速传播，也不会导致如此高的病死率。” |
| Russia’s accusations have appeared in news reports in many countries, especially in Africa and the Middle East, regions that have become diplomatic battlegrounds between the United States, Russia and China. |
| 俄罗斯的指责已经出现在许多国家的新闻报道中，尤其是在非洲和中东，这些地区已成为美俄中三国的外交战场。 |
| The state media in China routinely amplifies Russian claims about the war with Ukraine and about secret biological weapons research, as part of its own information battle with the United States that began with the debate over the spread of Covid-19. |
| 中国和美国的信息战始于关于新冠病毒传播的争论，作为信息战的一部分，中国官方媒体经常放大俄罗斯关于与乌克兰的战争和秘密生物武器研究的说法。 |
| China’s heavily censored internet, which aggressively stifles unwelcome political opinions, has also freely circulated conspiracy theories about a possible American role in the spread of monkeypox, as Bloomberg reported. |
| 据彭博社报道，中国的互联网受到严格审查，大力扼杀不受欢迎的政治观点，同时允许任意传播关于美国可能在猴痘感染中起了作用的阴谋论。 |
| Russia’s efforts to push the claims about biological weapons come from an old Russia propaganda playbook, adapted to the age of social media. |
| 俄罗斯推动对生物武器说法的行为源自俄罗斯旧时的宣传策略，并适应了社交媒体时代。 |
| Researchers at the RAND Corporation called the Russian strategy a “fire hose of falsehood,” inundating the public with huge numbers of claims that are designed to deflect attention and cause confusion and distrust as much as to provide an alternative point of view. |
| 兰德公司的研究人员称俄罗斯的战略是“虚假信息的消防水管”，用大量旨在转移注意力和引起混乱及不信任的说法淹没公众视听，同时提供替代说法。 |
| The strategy has roots reaching back to the Cold War. |
| 该战略的根源可以追溯到冷战时期。 |
| In 1983, the K.G.B. planted an anonymous letter in an Indian newspaper alleging that the United States manufactured the virus that causes AIDS in an experiment at Fort Detrick, Md., according to documents at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Digital Archive. |
| 根据伍德罗·威尔逊国际学者中心数字档案馆的文件，克格勃在1983年在一家印度报纸中安插了一封匿名信，声称美国在马里兰州德特里克堡的一项实验制造了导致艾滋病的病毒。 |
| The false claim spread extensively in the years that followed, even appearing at one point on “CBS Evening News With Dan Rather.” The campaign ended only in 1987 when the Reagan administration warned the last Soviet leader, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, who died on Tuesday, that it would hurt newly warming relations with the West. |
| 这一虚假说法在随后的几年中广泛传播，甚至一度出现在《丹·拉瑟的CBS晚间新闻》中。直到1987年，里根政府警告米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫——周二去世的最后一位苏联领导人——这将损害苏联与西方新近升温的关系，该宣传才得以结束。 |
| Russia’s propaganda model today has been adapted to take advantage of “technology and available media in ways that would have been inconceivable during the Cold War,” according to the RAND study. |
| 兰德公司的研究表明，如今俄罗斯的宣传模式已经以“冷战期间难以想象的方式适应并充分利用了技术和现有媒介”。 |
| Despite “a shameless willingness to disseminate partial truths or outright fictions” and a disregard of consistency, the strategy can often be persuasive to some, especially those who have preconceived biases, one of the authors, Christopher Paul, said in an interview. |
| 该研究作者之一克里斯托弗·保罗在接受采访时说，尽管该策略“无耻地传播不完整的真相或完全虚构的想法”并且无视一致性，但它往往能说服一些人，尤其是那些具有先入为主偏见的人。 |
| “There are still people who believe the C.I.A. caused AIDS in Africa, even though that idea has been thoroughly debunked,” Mr. Paul said. “Not many, but some.” |
| “仍然有人相信CIA导致了非洲的艾滋病，尽管这种说法已被彻底辟谣，”保罗说。“这样的人不多，但有一些。” |
| Like many disinformation campaigns, Russia’s accusations on occasion have a passing relationship to facts. |
| 像许多虚假信息宣传一样，俄罗斯的指控有时与事实有一定的联系。 |
| Even before the war in Ukraine, Russia raised alarms about U.S. efforts to establish closer defense and research ties with several of Russia’s neighbors, including other former republics of the Soviet Union. |
| 甚至在乌克兰战争之前，俄罗斯就警告称，美国在努力与包括其他前苏联加盟共和国在内的几个俄罗斯邻国建立更密切的国防和研究联系。 |
| The United States has poured millions of dollars of assistance into those countries, under the Biological Threat Reduction Program. The initiative was originally intended to dismantle the remnants of Soviet-era nuclear, chemical and biological weapons after the Cold War, including in Ukraine. It has expanded to focus on supporting biological research laboratories that are crucial to monitor and prevent diseases from spreading. |
| 美国依据“减少生物威胁计划”向这些国家提供了数以百万计美元的援助。该倡议最初旨在清除冷战后苏联时代的核武器、化学武器和生物武器的残余物，包括在乌克兰。它已扩大到重点支持对监测和预防疾病传播至关重要的生物研究实验室。 |
| Russia previously made unsubstantiated claims about an American-financed lab in the former Soviet republic of Georgia, which Russia invaded in 2008. |
| 俄罗斯此前曾对前苏联共和国格鲁吉亚的一个美国资助的实验室提出未经证实的说法。俄罗斯于2008年入侵格鲁吉亚。 |
| The State Department, in a response to questions, said Russia’s accusations were intended to justify and distract from its unprovoked invasion of Ukraine. |
| 美国国务院在回答问题时表示，俄罗斯的指控旨在为其无端入侵乌克兰提供理由和转移注意力。 |
| Since the war began, Russia has already raised its accusations before the United Nations Security Council. Izumi Nakamitsu, the U.N. under secretary general and high representative for disarmament affairs, twice told the Council that there was no evidence of any biological weapons programs in Ukraine. |
| 自战争爆发以来，俄罗斯已经向联合国安理会提出了指控。联合国副秘书长兼裁军事务高级代表中满泉两次向安理会表示，没有证据表明乌克兰有任何生物武器计划。 |
| Although Russian officials repeatedly promised to provide proof of the secret weapons research in Ukraine, they have not yet done so. |
| 尽管俄罗斯官员一再承诺将提供乌克兰秘密武器研究的证据，但他们尚未提供。 |
| On Monday, Russia will make a presentation before representatives of the 184 nations that have signed the Biological Weapons Convention. The United States, Ukraine and other countries will be able to respond later in the week. Because the treaty has no verification or enforcement provisions, there will be no official ruling on Russia’s claims, but on Friday nations can state their positions. |
| 周一，俄罗斯将在签署《禁止生物武器公约》的184个国家的代表面前发表演讲。美国、乌克兰和其他国家可以在本周晚些时候做出回应。由于该公约没有核查或执行条款，因此不会对俄罗斯的主张作出正式裁决，但各国可以在周五表明其立场。 |
| Dr. Lentzos of King’s College London said that because of the format — and geopolitics — many countries might be unwilling to publicly contradict Russia or its biggest backer, China. |
| 伦敦国王学院的伦佐斯说，由于这样的会议形式——以及地缘政治——许多国家可能不愿意公开反对俄罗斯或其最大的支持者中国。 |
| The only other time a member nation of the Biological Weapons Convention invoked a special session was in 1997, when Cuba accused the United States of spraying a plume of insects over the country’s crops, causing a devastating infestation. |
| 《禁止生物武器公约》成员国唯一一次呼吁召开特别会议是在1997年，当时古巴指责美国在该国的农作物上喷洒昆虫，造成毁灭性的虫害。 |
| The proceedings were not public, but several nations later submitted written observations about Cuba’s claims and the United States’ rebuttal. Only North Korea supported Cuba’s claim. Eight countries — Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands and New Zealand — concluded there was no link. China and Vietnam said it was impossible to determine. (Russian submitted no response.) |
| 诉讼程序未公开，但几个国家后来就古巴的主张和美国的反驳提交了书面意见。只有朝鲜支持古巴的主张。八个国家——澳大利亚、加拿大、丹麦、德国、匈牙利、日本、荷兰和新西兰——得出的结论是没有联系。中国和越南表示无法确定。（俄罗斯没有回应。） |
| “There’s a big silent majority that just wants to sit on the fence,” Dr. Lentzos said. “They don’t really want to take a side because it could hurt their interests either way. And so the big question is not ‘Do these guys believe it, or not?’ It’s to what extent are they motivated to act on it and speak out.” |
| “有很大一部分沉默的人只想保持中立，”伦佐斯说。“他们真的不想站队，因为这可能会损害他们的利益。所以最大的问题不是‘这些人信不信’，而是他们在多大程度上有动力采取行动并大声疾呼。” |
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