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| WASHINGTON — Russia is buying millions of artillery shells and rockets from North Korea, according to newly declassified American intelligence, a sign that global sanctions have severely restricted its supply chains and forced Moscow to turn to pariah states for military supplies. |
| 华盛顿——根据最新解密的美国情报，俄罗斯正在从朝鲜购买数百万枚炮弹和火箭，这一迹象表明全球制裁对其供应链造成了严重限制，迫使莫斯科转向被孤立的国家寻求军事物资。 |
| The disclosure comes days after Russia received initial shipments of Iranian-made drones, some of which American officials said had mechanical problems. U.S. government officials said Russia’s decision to turn to Iran, and now North Korea, was a sign that sanctions and export controls imposed by the United States and Europe were hurting Moscow’s ability to obtain supplies for its army. |
| 这一消息披露的前几天，俄罗斯收到伊朗制造的第一批无人机，美国官员称其中一些无人机存在机械问题。美国政府官员表示，俄罗斯决定转向伊朗、现在转向朝鲜，这表明美国和欧洲实施的制裁和出口管制正在损害莫斯科为其军队获取物资的能力。 |
| The United States provided few details from the declassified intelligence about the exact weaponry, timing or size of the shipment, and there is no way yet to independently verify the sale. A U.S. official said that, beyond short-range rockets and artillery shells, Russia was expected to try to purchase additional North Korean equipment going forward. |
| 在解密情报中，美国几乎没有提供有关这批货物的确切武器、运输时间或规模的详细信息，而且目前还没有办法独立核实这笔交易。一位美国官员表示，除了短程火箭和炮弹外，预计俄罗斯未来还将尝试购买更多的朝鲜武器设备。 |
| “The Kremlin should be alarmed that it has to buy anything at all from North Korea,” said Mason Clark, who leads the Russia team at the Institute for the Study of War. |
| “克里姆林宫应该为不得不从朝鲜买东西而担忧，”战争研究所俄罗斯研究团队的负责人梅森·克拉克说。 |
| Before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the White House began declassifying intelligence reports about Moscow’s military plans — then disclosing that material, first to allies privately and then to the public. After something of a lull in the disclosures, the American government has once again begun declassifying information to highlight the struggles of Russia’s military, including the recent intelligence about the purchase of Iranian drones and the Russian army’s problems recruiting soldiers. |
| 在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰之前，白宫开始解密有关莫斯科军事计划的情报报告——然后将这些材料公开，首先是私下向盟友披露，然后再向公众披露。经过一段平静期后，美国政府再次开始解密信息，以强调俄罗斯军方的挣扎，包括最近有关购买伊朗无人机的情报，以及俄罗斯军队在招募士兵上的困难。 |
| Broad economic sanctions, at least so far, have not crippled Russia. Energy prices, driven up by the invasion, have filled its treasury and enabled Moscow to blunt the fallout of its banks being cut off from international finance and curbs on exports and imports. Sanctions against individual Russian oligarchs also have failed to undercut the power of President Vladimir V. Putin. |
| 至少到目前为止，广泛的经济制裁并未令俄罗斯陷入瘫痪。因入侵而走高的能源价格已使其国库充盈，并使莫斯科能够缓和其银行被切断国际金融联系和进出口受到限制的影响。对个别俄罗斯寡头的制裁也未能削弱普京总统的权力。 |
| But American officials said that, when it came to Russia’s ability to rebuild its military, the economic actions of Europe and the United States had been effective. American and European sanctions have blocked Russia’s ability to buy weaponry, or electronics to make that weaponry. |
| 但美国官员表示，就俄罗斯重建军队的能力而言，欧洲和美国的经济行动是有效的。美国和欧洲的制裁限制了俄罗斯购买武器或制造这种武器的电子设备的能力。 |
| Moscow had hoped that China would be willing to buck those export controls and continue to supply the Russian military. But in recent days, American officials have said that while China was willing to buy Russian oil at a discount, Beijing, at least so far, has respected the export controls aimed at Moscow’s military and not tried to sell either military equipment or components. |
| 莫斯科曾希望中国违反这些出口管制，继续为俄罗斯军队提供物资。但最近几天，美国官员表示，虽然中国愿意以折扣价购买俄罗斯石油，但至少到目前为止，北京尊重针对莫斯科军队的出口管制，没有试图出售军事装备或零部件。 |
| Gina Raimondo, the commerce secretary, has repeatedly warned China that if Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, China’s largest computer chip maker, or other companies violate sanctions against Russia, the United States will effectively shut down those businesses, cutting off their access to the American technology they need to make semiconductors. |
| 商务部长吉娜·雷蒙多多次警告中国，如果中国最大的计算机芯片制造商中芯国际或其他公司违反对俄罗斯的制裁，美国将在事实上关停这些企业，令它们无法获得制造半导体所需的美国技术。 |
| With most countries treading carefully in the face of American pressure, Russia has focused its deal making on Iran and North Korea. |
| 面对美国的压力，大多数国家都谨慎行事，因此俄罗斯将其交易重点放在伊朗和朝鲜身上。 |
| Both Iran and North Korea are largely cut off from international commerce thanks to American and international sanctions, meaning neither country has much to lose by cutting deals with Russia. Any deal to buy weaponry from North Korea would be a violation of United Nations resolutions aimed at curbing weapons proliferation from Pyongyang. |
| 由于美国和国际制裁，伊朗和朝鲜在很大程度上都与国际贸易隔绝，这意味着这两个国家与俄罗斯做交易不会有什么损失。任何从朝鲜购买武器的交易都将违反联合国旨在遏制平壤武器扩散的决议。 |
| It is unclear how much the purchasing from North Korea has to do with the export controls, however. There is nothing high-tech in a 152-millimeter artillery shell or a Katyusha-style rocket that North Korea produces, said Frederick W. Kagan, a military expert at the American Enterprise Institute. |
| 然而，尚不清楚从朝鲜购买武器与出口管制有多大关系。美国企业研究所的军事专家弗雷德里克·卡根说，朝鲜生产的152毫米炮弹或喀秋莎式火箭并没有什么高科技含量。 |
| A U.S. official said the new deal with North Korea showed the desperation in Moscow. And Mr. Kagan said turning to North Korea was a sign that Russia was seemingly unable to produce the simplest matériel needed to wage war. |
| 一位美国官员表示，从与朝鲜的新协议可以看出莫斯科的绝望。卡根说，转向朝鲜是一个迹象，表明俄罗斯似乎无法生产发动战争所需的最简单物资。 |
| “The only reason the Kremlin should have to buy artillery shells or rockets from North Korea or anyone is because Putin has been unwilling or unable to mobilize the Russian economy for war at even the most basic level,” Mr. Kagan said. |
| “克里姆林宫不得不从朝鲜或任何人那里购买炮弹或火箭，唯一的原因是，普京一直不愿意或无法动员俄罗斯经济来支援战争，哪怕是在最基本的层面，”卡根说。 |
| Restricting Russia’s military supply chain is a central part of the American strategy to weaken Moscow, with the aim to hamper both its war effort in Ukraine and its future ability to threaten its neighbors. |
| 限制俄罗斯的军事供应链是美国削弱莫斯科战略的核心部分，目的是阻碍其在乌克兰的战争行动，及其未来威胁邻国的能力。 |
| It has been clear for months, both from Russian operations in Ukraine and disclosures by the U.S. government, that Moscow has struggled with its high-tech weaponry. Precision-guided weaponry, like cruise missiles, has experienced high rates of failure. In the early stages of the war, half or more of those weapons either failed to fire or failed to hit their targets. |
| 几个月来，从俄罗斯在乌克兰的行动以及美国政府的披露中可以清楚地看出，莫斯科一直难以获得高科技武器。巡航导弹等精确制导武器的失败率很高。在战争初期，这些武器中有一半或更多要么未能发射，要么没有击中目标。 |
| Russian stocks of those precision weapons have also been depleted, forcing generals to rely less often on missiles and instead build their strategy around a brutal artillery assault that has laid waste to towns in Ukraine’s eastern region. |
| 俄罗斯这些精确武器的库存也已经枯竭，迫使将军们减少对导弹的依赖，转而围绕残酷的炮击制定战略，摧毁乌克兰东部地区的城镇。 |
| The disclosure that Russia is seeking more artillery ammunition is a sign that Moscow’s supply problems are likely deeper than just high-end components for cutting-edge tanks or precision missiles. If Russia is seeking more artillery shells from North Korea, it is facing a shortage or could see one in the future, and its industrial base is struggling to meet the military demands of the war. |
| 俄罗斯正在寻求更多火炮弹药，这一信息披露表明，莫斯科的武器供应问题可能不止是缺乏尖端坦克或精密导弹的高端部件。如果俄罗斯向朝鲜寻求更多的炮弹，那么它正在面临短缺，或未来可能会出现短缺，并且其工业基地难以满足战争的军事需求。 |
| “This is very likely an indication of a massive failure of the Russian military industrial complex that likely has deep roots and very serious implications for the Russian armed forces,” Mr. Kagan said. |
| “这很可能表明俄罗斯军事工业综合体的大规模失败，这个问题可能有非常深刻的根源，对俄罗斯武装部队有非常严重的影响，”卡根说。 |
| In recent weeks, Ukraine has stepped up its assault on Russian ammunition depots. Ukraine’s forces have used the American High Mobility Artillery Rocket System, or HIMARS, and U.S. intelligence reports, to strike behind the front lines and destroy ammunition caches. |
| 最近几周，乌克兰加强了对俄罗斯弹药库的攻击。乌克兰军队使用美国高机动火箭炮系统（简称HIMARS）和美国情报报告，在前线后方发动袭击并摧毁弹药库。 |
| While it is not clear what impact that offensive has had on overall stocks of ammunition, Russia was forced to pull back and move its ammunition storage points, reducing the effectiveness of its artillery forces. |
| 虽然尚不清楚这次攻击对弹药的整体库存产生了什么影响，但俄罗斯被迫撤回并移动其弹药储存点，从而降低了其炮兵部队的效力。 |
| There have also been signs that the effectiveness of some Russian artillery shells has been degraded because of storage problems or poor maintenance of its ammunition stocks. To be most effective at wounding opposing troops, artillery shells burst in the air, just before they hit the ground. But the crater pattern created by Russian artillery forces over the summer showed that many of their shells were exploding on the ground, reducing the damage to Ukrainian trenches. |
| 还有迹象表明，由于储存问题或弹药库存维护不善，一些俄罗斯炮弹的效力已经下降。最有效地打击敌方部队的方式是让炮弹在击中地面之前在空中爆炸。但这个夏天，俄罗斯炮兵部队制造的弹坑模式显示，他们的许多炮弹是在地面上爆炸的，这减少了对乌克兰战壕的破坏。 |
| While the condition of North Korean artillery shells is not clear, the country has extensive stocks of the ammunition. |
| 虽然尚不清楚朝鲜炮弹的情况，但该国拥有大量弹药库存。 |
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