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| “I’m willing to bet you know at least one girl that’s using steroids every single day,” starts a young man in a TikTok video. | “我敢打赌，你至少认识一个每天都在使用类固醇的女孩，”一名年轻男子在一段TikTok视频中说。 |
| He stares into the camera, continuing his big, yet notably false, reveal: “One in three girls these days is taking the birth control pill, and believe it or not, the birth control pill is actually an analog of the bodybuilding steroid nandrolone.” | 他凝视镜头，继续带来明显虚假的大爆料：“如今，每三个女孩当中就有一个在服用避孕药，信不信由你，避孕药实际上是塑身类固醇诺龙的类似物。” |
| Another face swiftly crowds the screen. Dressed in a white lab coat, the debunker Mustafa Dhahir, a practicing pharmacist and medical student based in Australia, interrupts the video with his own commentary: “One of the most annoying things when it comes to busting misinformation is that the people who spread the misinformation use hints of truth to spread their lies.” | 另一张脸迅速出现在屏幕上。身穿白色实验室大褂的辟谣者穆斯塔法·达希尔是一位生活在澳大利亚的执业药剂师和医学院学生，他打断了前一个视频，并评论道：“辟谣时最令人恼火的事情之一就是，传播错误信息的人会利用少许真相来传播他们的谎言。” |
| Mr. Dhahir explains what a steroid is and then goes point by point to illustrate why the original video — which claims oral contraception causes a medley of symptoms, including changes in sexual attraction — is inaccurate. “This guy is simply using scare tactics,” Mr. Dhahir tells the viewer, noting that there are many birth control options with varying sets of side effects. | 达希尔解释了什么是类固醇，然后一点一点地解释了为什么原始视频——声称口服避孕药会导致一系列症状，包括性魅力出现变化——是不准确的。“这家伙只是在使用恐吓的手段，”达希尔告诉观众，他指出，避孕方法有很多，其副作用各不相同。 |
| Mr. Dhahir is part of a growing cohort of scientists, physicians, health care professionals and academics who debunk health misinformation on TikTok by “stitching” videos, which involves clipping existing videos into new ones and then offering one’s own input. While social media platforms including TikTok have developed systems to flag vaccine misinformation, an ocean of other dubious health claims often go unscrutinized — except when individual users like him, who have actual medical knowledge, push back. | 越来越多的科学家、医生、医疗专业人士和学者通过“拼接”视频来揭穿TikTok上的错误健康信息，也就是将原有视频剪入新的视频，然后提供自己的意见，达希尔也是其中之一。虽然包括TikTok在内的社交媒体平台已经开发出了标记疫苗错误信息的系统，但其他大量可疑的健康相关说法往往不受审查——除非有达希尔这样拥有实际医学知识的个人用户提出反驳。 |
| “Misinformation impacts medical decisions and health,” said Mr. Dhahir, who began responding to false claims on TikTok at the start of the pandemic and has since amassed 9.5 million likes on his videos. He has debunked claims that contraception makes women infertile, that only “natural” medicine can be trusted and that Tylenol is linked to autism. | “错误信息会影响医疗决定和健康，”达希尔说。疫情暴发之初，他就开始在TikTok上辟谣，自那以后，他的视频获得了950万个赞。他驳斥了有关避孕会使女性不孕、只有“天然”药物才值得信任，以及泰诺和自闭症有关的说法。 |
| The work is often draining. Unqualified influencers posting misinformation far outnumber the experts debunking it, who are often harassed by other users for their efforts. “For every large creator who is genuinely evidence-based, you’ve got 50 or 60 big creators who spread misinformation,” said Dr. Idrees Mughal, a Britain-based physician with an additional masters in nutritional research, whose account, @dr_idz, has 1 million followers. He debunks fad diets, unsupported claims that food ingredients are “cancer-causing” and the myth that certain vegetables contain harmful “toxic” chemicals. Misinformation is so ubiquitous that Dr. Mughal says he is tagged in 100 to 200 videos a day from users requesting that he debunk claims. “People are looking for genuine science-based, evidence-based creators,” he said. | 这项工作经常让人精疲力竭。发布错误信息的不合格网红数量远超辟谣的专家，后者还经常因为自己的努力而受到其他用户骚扰。“每出现一个真正讲证据的大创作者，就会出现五六十个传播错误信息的大创作者，”英国医生、拥有营养研究硕士学位的埃德里斯·马格尔说，他的账户 @dr_idz 有100万粉丝。他驳斥了流行的饮食法、未经证实的食物成分“致癌”的说法、某些蔬菜含有害的“有毒”化学物质的错误。错误信息无处不在，马格尔说，每天有100到200个用户标记他，要求他出来辟谣。他说：“人们正在寻找真正讲科学、讲证据的创作者。” |
| Fertile ground for pseudoscience | 伪科学的沃土 |
| Misinformation is widespread on all of the major social media platforms, but TikTok’s audio capabilities can give false claims particular longevity. Bits of misinformation clipped and saved as what TikTok calls sounds “operate like viral chain messages,” according to a 2021 blog post from the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, a London-based center that researches disinformation and extremism online. Even if a video is taken down, the original audio often survives in the work of users who have already borrowed it for their own content. | 虚假信息在所有主要社交媒体平台上都很普遍，但TikTok的音频功能可以让不实说法的传播尤为持久。总部位于伦敦、研究网上虚假信息和极端主义的战略对话研究所在2021年发布的一篇博客文章中指出，被剪辑并保存为TikTok称为“声音”的简短错误信息，其操作方式“类似病毒式传播的连环信息”。即使一个视频被删除了，原始音频通常还能在已经使用它制作自己内容的用户的作品中被保留下来。 |
| TikTok has enacted policies to flag such content, including adding informational banners to Covid-19 vaccine content, but one I.S.D. study of more than 6,000 videos related to the vaccines found that 58 percent lacked banners. When it comes to combating health misinformation in general, all social media platforms face a daunting task, given the sheer volume of inaccurate posts. In a statement, TikTok wrote, “We work diligently to take action on content and accounts that spread misinformation, while also promoting authoritative content about vaccines through our Covid-19 information hub.” | TikTok制定了标记这类内容的措施，包括在有关新冠疫苗的内容中添加包含信息的横幅，但战略对话研究所对6000多个与疫苗相关的视频进行的一项研究发现，58%的视频没有横幅。涉及到打击一般的健康类错误信息时，由于内容不准确的帖子数量实在太多，所有社交媒体平台都面临着艰巨的任务。TikTok在一份声明中写道：“我们努力对传播错误信息的内容和账户采取行动，同时也通过我们的新冠信息中心推广有关疫苗的权威内容。” |
| When asked if TikTok was addressing general health misinformation, the company replied that it both removes violations of the platform’s policies and works “with credible voices to elevate authoritative content on topics related to public health.” | 当被问及TikTok是否在处理一般的健康类错误信息时，该公司回答说，它会删除违反平台政策的行为，同时“与可靠的声音合作，提升与公共健康有关话题的权威内容”。 |
| Abbie Richards, a misinformation and disinformation researcher and research fellow with the Accelerationism Research Consortium, an organization aimed at understanding and addressing the threat of extremism, said TikTok’s video format was also advantageous in spreading conspiracies. Creators speak directly into the camera as if they’re on a video call with the viewer. “It feels more authentic than disembodied text,” Ms. Richards said, which can make it seem more credible. YouTube, which is still a far larger video destination than TikTok and also has audio capabilities, doesn’t necessarily create the same sense of intimacy. | 阿比·理查兹是一名错误信息和虚假信息研究者，也是“加速主义研究联盟”的研究员，该组织旨在了解和应对极端主义的威胁。理查兹表示，TikTok的视频形式对于传播阴谋论来说也很有利。创作者直接对着镜头说话，就好像他们在与观众视频通话。“它给人的感觉比没有实体的文本更真实，”理查兹说，这让它看起来更可信。YouTube仍然是一个比TikTok大得多的视频网站，也有音频功能，但不一定能创造出同样的亲密感。 |
| In TikTok’s beauty circles, Michelle Wong, a cosmetic chemist who runs Lab Muffin Beauty Science, a blog and social media accounts that explain the science behind skin care and cosmetic products, has made a new career out of fighting misinformation. She often encounters creators who take ingredients out of context, sometimes conflating topical use with ingestion — an important distinction, as consumers don’t drink their moisturizers. Ms. Wong also sees pseudoscience creators who back up false, fear-mongering claims about sunscreen with white papers the creators either don’t have full access to or don’t understand. “That in itself is quite convincing, because very few people are actually going to look up every single paper listed,” she said. | 在TikTok的美容圈子里，化妆品化学家米歇尔·黄（音）经营着一个名为“麦芬美容科学实验室”的博客和社交媒体账户，它专门解释护肤品和化妆品背后的科学。如今她把打击错误信息作为自己的新职业。她经常遇到一些创作者会脱离产品整体去解释一种成分，有时还把“外用”和“食用”混为一谈——这是一个重要的区别，因为消费者不会把润肤霜吃下去。米歇尔·黄还看到宣扬伪科学的创作者用他们并不完全掌握或根本就不理解的白皮书来支持关于防晒霜的虚假说法，为的是散播恐惧。她说：“这本身就很有说服力，因为很少有人会去查阅创作者列出的每一篇论文。” |
| The lack of science literacy online was partly what inspired Katrine Wallace, an epidemiologist and a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, to start debunking inaccurate content on TikTok. At the start of the pandemic, she noticed that users were debating whether Covid was even real, and she has since debunked videos stating that Covid vaccines cause death within six months, for example, and that microscopic worms or parasites are found in surgical face masks. That topic recirculates every six months, she said in an interview, adding, “People are obsessed.” | 许多网民缺乏科学素养，这促使流行病学家、伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校教授卡特琳·华莱士开始揭露TikTok上的不准确内容。在新冠疫情开始时，她注意到有些用户甚至在争论新冠病毒是否真实存在，她后来驳斥了一些视频，其中声称新冠疫苗会在六个月内导致死亡，外科口罩内发现了微小的蠕虫或寄生虫。她在一次采访中说，这样的话题每过六个月就会重新流传一次，还说，“人们对此十分着迷。” |
| Viewers are drawn to surprising or extreme statements, and highly engaged content is promoted by the app’s algorithm, which is why debunkers often find themselves responding to provocative assertions. For the same reasons, myth-busting response videos like Dr. Dhahir’s on oral contraception often get more views than simple explainers. “People like drama,” Dr. Wallace said. | 视频观众会被令人惊讶或极端的言论所吸引，而高参与度的内容则会被应用程序的算法所推广，正因如此，辟谣者所回应的往往是一些有争议而刺激的论断。出于同样的原因，像达希尔关于口服避孕药的那种驳斥错误论断的回应视频往往能比简单的解释获得更多的浏览量。“人们喜欢戏剧性，”华莱士说。 |
| In refuting claims, debunkers try to engage respectfully with other creators. Dr. Mughal said he refrained from insulting or attacking creators who disseminated misinformation and instead focused on addressing the health claims. Dr. Wallace takes a different approach. She said she would first reach out privately to the original poster to explain why the video is problematic and urge them to take it down or publicly address the misinformation. “And if they block me or delete my comments,” she said, “then I’m like, ‘OK, it’s on.’” | 在辟谣的时候，辟谣者也试图尊重其他创作者。马格尔说，他不会侮辱或攻击散布错误信息的创造者，而是专注于解决健康方面的说法。华莱士则采取了不同的方法。她说，她会首先私下联系原作者，解释为什么这段视频有问题，敦促他们撤下视频，或公开处理错误信息。“如果他们屏蔽我或者删除我的评论，”她说，“我就会说，‘好吧，那就来吧。’” |
| On the brink of burnout? | 热情即将燃尽？ |
| The business of debunking is time-consuming. Scripting, filming and editing, not to mention managing comments — which sometimes also breed misinformation when users share counterarguments — can take hours each day. To attract an audience, each video must accurately convey the science but must also be entertaining and approach the topic with nuance and sensitivity, all while grabbing the viewer’s attention within 15 seconds. | 辟谣是很耗费时间的。每天要用上数小时写脚本、拍摄和剪辑，更别说还要做评论管理——评论区有时也是滋生不实信息的地方，用户会在里面发表他们的反驳言论。要想吸引观众，每一条视频在准确传达科学知识的同时，还必须够娱乐，微妙且细腻地对待这些话题，同时要在15秒内抓住观众的注意力。 |
| When Ms. Wong was a full-time science educator, she found herself working an extra 30 hours a week creating content for social media and her blog. “It was just destroying my personal life,” she recalled, adding that her relationship with her partner had ended partly because she was spending so much time on content creation. | 在全职从事科学教育工作的时候，米歇尔·黄发现自己每周要拿出额外的30个小时，为社交媒体和她的博客制作内容。“这根本已经毁掉了我的个人生活，”她回忆道，她还说自己和伴侣的关系破裂，一定能程度上就是因为她在内容创作上花了太多时间。 |
| It doesn’t help that debunking often won’t pay the bills, as many myth busters refrain from accepting sponsorships to prevent a conflict of interest. Ms. Wong accepts sponsorships, but like others who work with brands, she is selective, avoiding clients with deceptive marketing practices or cure-all claims. | 更糟的是，辟谣往往不能带来收入，因为许多专门做这一行的人会拒绝接受赞助，为的是避免产生利益冲突。黄接受了赞助，不过和其他与品牌合作的人一样，她很挑剔，会避开那些用欺骗性营销手段或自称包治百病的客户。 |
| “It is possible to work with brands and still remain fact-based and science-based,” she said, but she acknowledged that “part of it is necessity — because debunking was taking up so many of my hours.” | “在保持以事实和科学为本的同时和品牌合作是可以做到的，”她说，但是她承认这“在一定程度上也是在所难免——因为辟谣实在是占去了我太多的时间。” |
| Ms. Wong quit her job in 2019 to devote herself full-time to Lab Muffin Beauty Science, but she still sometimes works up to 70 hours per week. “Science just takes so much longer than misinformation, because you have to do the research properly,” she said. | 黄在2019年辞去了工作，全力投入到“麦芬美容科学实验室”中去，不过她有时仍然需要一周工作70小时。“科学就是要比不实信息花更多的时间，因为你得把研究做到位，”她说。 |
| Once a debunker has an audience, the work of maintaining and building an account can also lead to burnout. Like most influencers, they put pressure on themselves to excel. As Dr. Austin Chiang, a gastroenterologist with over a half-million TikTok followers, explained, they often blame themselves if their content underperforms. “We think, is it because my messaging isn’t good?” he said. “Is it because the quality of the video isn’t good?” | 一旦找到了观众，维护和经营一个账号的工作能让辟谣者感到倦怠。和多数的网红一样，他们会强迫自己去做得更好。有50万TikTok粉丝的肠胃病医生奥斯汀·蒋（音）解释说，有时候内容出来反响不佳，他们就会自责。“我们会想，是因为我的讯息传达不行吗？”他说。“是因为视频的质量不行？” |
| Dr. Wallace said the most exhausting element, though, was the harassment. Commenters repeatedly insult her, and when she posts in favor of vaccination, they accuse her of being a “shill for Big Pharma.” “I block accounts every day,” Dr. Wallace said. She also received threatening and sexually violent messages through her university email account — a situation that she said had required the university police to become involved early this year. | 不过华莱士说，最令人疲惫的是骚扰。评论者不断攻击她，当她发支持疫苗的内容时，他们就指责她是“给大药企带货的”。“我每天都在拉黑账号，”华莱士说。她的大学邮箱还会收到威胁和性暴力讯息——她说这事今年初还导致了校警的介入。 |
| For health care professionals, harassment can also lead to professional consequences, or the fear of them. “Many people’s institutions don’t want them to be attracting tons of negative attention,” said Renée DiResta, a misinformation expert and the technical research manager at the Stanford Internet Observatory, which studies internet propaganda. Doctors are encouraged to treat patients. Scientists are encouraged to conduct research and submit their findings for peer review. To create content on TikTok? Less so. | 对医务人员来说，骚扰还有可能导致职业后果，或是这方面的担忧。“很多人所在的机构不愿意吸引这么多负面的关注，”研究互联网政治宣传的不实信息专家、斯坦福互联网观测站技术研究经理瑞内·狄瑞斯塔说。它们支持医生去治疗病人。支持科学家去进行研究，让他们的发现接受同行审议。但是在TikTok上创作内容？就不那么支持了。 |
| Mr. Dhahir considered quitting TikTok after users found the address of his pharmacy and spread rumors about his professional and personal lives. He also had to meet with the dean of medicine at the University of Sydney and explain why the university had received complaints. Mr. Dhahir said he felt supported by his university but worried that that could change quickly. “One wrong move, and then my work can fire me or the university can kick me out,” he said. “I have to make sure I don’t screw up.” | 有用户发现了达希尔所在药房的地址，并散布有关他的职业和个人生活的谣言，他因此考虑过退出TikTok。他还和悉尼大学医学系主任会面，解释校方为什么会收到投诉。达希尔说他觉得校方是支持他的，但是担心这持续不了多久。“走错一步，我可能就会被炒，大学可能会把我赶出去，”他说。“我必须确保自己不犯错。” |
| Dr. Mughal said he had heard from fellow doctors who balked at making educational content on social media lest complainers “get them into trouble.” “There’s not a lot of protection for health care professionals that make content for the public,” he said. Creators said they feared losing their licenses or memberships in professional associations. Doctors who work in private practice worry that critics will flood Yelp with negative reviews. | 马格尔说，有同行跟他说他们不愿在社交媒体上制作教育内容，唯恐举报者“给他们带来麻烦”。“医疗保健专业人员在为公众制作内容上没有得到多少保护，”他说。创作者表示，他们担心失去专业协会的执照或会员资格。在私人诊所工作的医生担心其Yelp页面会充斥着批评者的负面评论。 |
| Ms. DiResta stressed the importance of health experts’ engaging with the public on social media, but until there is stronger support from institutions, she hestitates to recommend that they do so: “They have to know what’s going to happen to them when they do it. That’s the problem,” she said. | 狄瑞斯塔强调了卫生专家在社交媒体上与公众互动的重要性，但在得到机构更强有力的支持之前，她犹豫是否要建议他们这样做：“他们必须知道当他们与公众互动时会发生什么。这就是问题所在，”她说。 |
| Despite the hurdles, debunkers do see their efforts paying off. Followers have told Dr. Wallace that they got vaccinated after watching her videos. Mr. Chiang heard from viewers who got screened for medical conditions they might have otherwise ignored. And Mr. Dhahir’s fans sometimes reach out to say thank you. | 尽管存在困难，谣言揭穿者确实看到他们的努力得到了回报。关注华莱士的人告诉他，他们在观看她的视频后接种了疫苗。奥斯汀·蒋从观众那里得知，他们做了原本可能被忽略的身体检查。达希尔的粉丝有时会站出来对他表示感谢。 |
| “They’ll say, ‘I appreciate everything,’ or, ‘You’ve inspired me,’” Mr. Dhahir said, adding, “Then I’ll be like: ‘You know what? This is actually worth it.’” | “他们会说，‘我很感谢你做的一切，’或者，‘你启发了我，’”达希尔接着说，“然后我会想：‘嗯，这一切其实都是值得的。’” |
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