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| ISTANBUL — They lined up at A.T.M.s, desperate for cash after Visa and Mastercard suspended operations in Russia, swapping intelligence on where they could still get dollars. At Istanbul cafes, they sat quietly studying Telegram chats or Google Maps on their phones. They organized support groups to help other Russian exiles find housing. |
| 伊斯坦布尔——他们在自动取款机前排起了长队，并交换着哪里还能换到美元的信息；VISA和万事达卡暂停在俄罗斯的业务后，他们急需现金。在伊斯坦布尔的咖啡馆，他们安静地坐着，研究手机上的Telegram聊天或谷歌地图。他们建起了互助小组，帮助其他俄罗斯流亡者寻找住处。 |
| Tens of thousands of Russians have fled to Istanbul since Russia invaded Ukraine last month, outraged about what they see as a criminal war, worried about conscription or the possibility of a closed Russian border, or concerned that their livelihoods are no longer viable back home. |
| 自上个月俄罗斯入侵乌克兰以来，成千上万的俄罗斯人逃往伊斯坦布尔，在他们看来，这是一场犯罪的战争，为此他们感到愤怒，担心征兵或俄罗斯边境可能关闭，或者他们在国内的生计无以为继。 |
| And they are just the tip of the iceberg. Tens of thousands more traveled to countries like Armenia, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan which are better known as sources of migration to Russia. At the land border with Latvia — open only to those with European visas — travelers reported waits lasting hours. |
| 而他们只是冰山一角。还有数以万计的人去了亚美尼亚、格鲁吉亚、乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和哈萨克斯坦等国家，众所周知，这些国家都是俄罗斯的移民来源国。据说，在与拉脱维亚的陆地边界——只对持有欧洲签证的人开放——过境的人要等待数小时。 |
| While the exodus of about 2.7 million Ukrainians from their war-torn country has focused the world on a burgeoning humanitarian crisis, the descent of Russia into new depths of authoritarianism has many Russians despairing of their future. That has created a flight — though much smaller than in Ukraine — that some are comparing to 1920, when more than 100,000 opponents of the Communist Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War left to seek refuge in what was then Constantinople. |
| 大约270万乌克兰人逃离了饱受战争蹂躏的国家，全世界都在关注这场迅速蔓延的人道主义危机，但俄罗斯陷入威权主义的新深渊，令许多俄罗斯人对自己的未来感到绝望。这造就了一场逃亡运动——尽管规模比乌克兰小得多。有人将其与1920年相提并论，当时在俄国内战期间，超过10万名共产主义布尔什维克的反对者前往当时的君士坦丁堡寻求庇护。 |
| “There has never been anything like this before in peacetime,” said Konstantin Sonin, a Russian economist at the University of Chicago. “There is no war on Russian territory. As a single event, it is pretty huge.” |
| “在和平时期，从未发生过这样的事情，”芝加哥大学的俄罗斯经济学家康斯坦丁·索宁说。“俄罗斯领土上没有战争。作为一个单一事件，这是相当了不得的。” |
| Some who have fled are bloggers, journalists or activists who feared arrest under Russia’s draconian new law criminalizing what the state deems “false information” about the war. |
| 逃离者当中，包括博客作者、记者或活动人士，俄罗斯严厉的新法律令他们害怕，依据该法律，传播被国家视为战争相关“虚假信息”的行为是犯罪。 |
| Others are musicians and artists who see no future for their crafts in Russia. And there are workers in tech, law and other industries who saw the prospect of comfortable, middle-class lives — let alone any possibility for moral acceptance of their government — dissipate overnight. |
| 还有一些是音乐家和艺术家，他们认为自己的技艺在俄罗斯没有前途。还有科技、法律和其他行业的从业者，他们看到舒适的中产阶级生活前景在一夜之间消失，更别说在道德上接受这样一个政府了。 |
| They left behind jobs and family and money stuck in Russian bank accounts which they can no longer access. They fear being tarred as Russians abroad as the West isolates the country for its deadly invasion, and they reel over the loss of a positive Russian identity. |
| 他们把工作、家人和俄罗斯银行账户里取不出来的钱留在了身后。西方因俄罗斯破坏性极大的入侵而将其孤立，他们害怕在国外因为自己是俄罗斯人而遭到侮辱，他们对失去俄罗斯的正面身份认同感到困惑。 |
| “They didn’t just take away our future,” Polina Borodina, a Moscow playwright, said of her government’s war in Ukraine. “They took away our past.” |
| “他们不仅夺走了我们的未来，”莫斯科剧作家波利娜·博罗季讷谈到她的政府在乌克兰的战争时说，“还带走了我们的过去。” |
| The speed and scale of the flight reflect the tectonic shift the invasion touched off inside Russia. For all of President Vladimir V. Putin’s repression, Russia until last month remained a place with extensive travel connections to the rest of the world, a mostly uncensored internet giving a platform to independent media, a thriving tech industry and a world-class arts scene. Slices of Western middle-class life — Ikea, Starbucks, affordable foreign cars — were widely available. |
| 民众逃离的速度之快、规模之大，反映了入侵在俄罗斯国内引发的结构性转变。即便普京总统一直在进行各种镇压，俄罗斯直到上个月前仍然是一个与世界其他地区有着广泛旅行联系的地方，几乎不受审查的互联网为独立媒体提供了平台，有着蓬勃发展的科技产业和一个世界级的艺术圈。西方中产阶级生活的片鳞半爪——宜家、星巴克、经济实惠的外国汽车随处可见。 |
| But when they woke up on Feb. 24, many Russians knew that all that was over. Dmitri Aleshkovsky, a journalist who spent years promoting Russia’s emerging culture of charitable giving, got in his car the next day and drove to Latvia. |
| 但当他们在2月24日醒来时，许多俄罗斯人知道这一切都结束了。德米特里·阿列什科夫斯基是一名记者，多年来一直在宣传俄罗斯新兴的慈善捐赠文化，第二天他开上车去了拉脱维亚。 |
| “It became totally clear that if this red line has been crossed, nothing will hold him back anymore,” Mr. Aleshkovsky said of Mr. Putin. “Things will only get worse.” |
| “很明显，如果越过这条红线，就再也没有什么能阻止他了，”阿列什科夫斯基谈到普京时说。“事情只会变得更糟。” |
| In the days since the invasion, Mr. Putin has forced the remnants of Russia’s independent media to shut down. He has engineered a brutal crackdown against antiwar protesters, with more than 14,000 people arrested across the country since Feb. 24, including 862 in 37 cities on Sunday, according to the rights group OVD-Info. |
| 在入侵之后的几天里，普京迫使俄罗斯剩下的独立媒体关闭。他部署了对反战抗议者的残酷镇压，据人权组织OVD-Info的数据，自2月24日以来，全国已有1.4万多人被捕，其中包括周日在37个城市逮捕的862人。 |
| To be sure, many Russians support the war, and many of those supporters are completely unaware of the extent of Russia’s aggression because they rely on state-run television news. |
| 可以肯定的是，许多俄罗斯人支持这场战争，而这些支持者中许多人完全不知道俄罗斯的侵略程度，因为他们依赖于官方电视新闻获取信息。 |
| But others have flocked to places like Istanbul, which, like in 1920, has again become a haven for exiles. While most of Europe has closed its skies, Turkish Airlines has been flying from Moscow as much as five times a day; combined with other airlines, more than 30 flights arrive from Russia on some days. |
| 但另外一些人纷纷涌向像伊斯坦布尔这样的地方，就像1920年一样，那里再次成为流亡者的避风港。虽然欧洲大部分地区已经切断了跟俄罗斯的空中联系，但土耳其航空公司每天从莫斯科起飞的航班多达五班；加上其他航空公司，有时一天有逾30个航班从俄罗斯抵达这里。 |
| “History moves in a spiral, that of Russia especially,” said Kirill Nabutov, 64, a St. Petersburg sports commentator who fled to Istanbul with his wife this month. “It comes back to the same place — back to this same place.” |
| “历史在螺旋式发展，尤其是俄罗斯，”64岁的圣彼得堡体育评论员基里尔·纳布托夫说，他本月与妻子逃往伊斯坦布尔。“它回到同一个地方——而且回到这个地方。” |
| Mr. Nabutov’s mother’s first cousin was an 18-year-old conscript sailor in Crimea when he evacuated with the commander Pyotr Wrangel’s fleet to Constantinople in 1920. He traveled on to Tunis, where he became an insurance agent. |
| 1920年，纳布托夫母亲的堂兄是一名18岁的克里米亚应征水手，当时他与指挥官彼得·弗兰格尔的舰队撤离到君士坦丁堡。他随后前往突尼斯，成为一名保险代理人。 |
| Now, too, a generation of Russian exiles faces the daunting prospect of starting from scratch. And all face the gnawing reality of being seen as representing a country that launched a war of aggression, even though many insist they have spent their lives opposing Mr. Putin. |
| 现在，这一代俄罗斯流亡者也面临着可能从零开始的艰巨未来。所有人都面临着痛苦的现实，即被视为代表着一个发动侵略战争的国家，虽然许多人坚称他们一生都在反对普京。 |
| In Georgia — where, the government says, 20,000 Russians have arrived since the start of the war — exiles have faced an intimidating environment, full of anti-Russian graffiti and hostile comments on social media. |
| 在格鲁吉亚（政府表示自战争开始以来已有两万名俄罗斯人抵达那里），流亡者面临着令人生畏的环境，社交媒体上充斥着反俄涂鸦和充满敌意的评论。 |
| “We tried to explain that Russians are not Putin — we hate Putin, too,” said Leyla Nepesova, an activist from Memorial International, a Russian rights group recently shuttered by the Kremlin. Ms. Nepesova, 26, escaped to Georgia a week ago and has found herself tainted by association — sworn at in the street and shouted at by a taxi driver. |
| “我们试图解释，俄罗斯人不是普京——我们也讨厌普京，”俄罗斯人权组织纪念国际的活动人士莱拉·内佩索娃表示。该组织最近被俄政府关闭。26岁的内佩索娃一周前逃到格鲁吉亚，她发现自己受到了拖累——在街上被人骂，被一名出租车司机大吼大叫。 |
| “He told us, ‘You are Russians, you are occupiers,’” Ms. Nepesova said. “Russians are hated here — and I cannot blame them.” |
| “他告诉我们，‘你们是俄罗斯人，你们是占领者’，”内佩索娃说。“俄罗斯人在这里遭人憎恨——我不能责怪他们。” |
| Many Georgians see clear parallels between the Ukraine invasion and Russia’s war on Georgia in 2008. And while most have been welcoming to the new arrivals, some have not distinguished between Russian dissidents who have fled Russia for security or moral reasons and those who support Mr. Putin. |
| 许多格鲁吉亚人认为，入侵乌克兰与2008年俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚的战争有明显的相似之处。尽管大多数人对新来者表示欢迎，但有些人没有把出于安全或道德原因逃离俄罗斯的异见者和支持普京的人区分开来。 |
| The Bank of Georgia has demanded that new Russian customers sign a statement denouncing Mr. Putin’s invasion and acknowledging Russia’s occupation of parts of Georgia — a problematic request to make of anyone hoping to return to Russia. |
| 格鲁吉亚银行要求俄罗斯的新客户签署一份声明，谴责普京的入侵，承认俄罗斯占领了格鲁吉亚的部分地区——这对任何以后希望返回俄罗斯的人来说，都是一个会带来麻烦的要求。 |
| Some Georgians have even called on landlords to refuse tenancy to Russian arrivals. |
| 一些格鲁吉亚人甚至呼吁房东不要租房给俄罗斯人。 |
| “Your hands are dirty,” said a Georgian vigilante fighter currently volunteering in Ukraine, in an online video that was addressed to landlords, banks and politicians in Georgia. “Every single one of you,” the fighter, Nodari Karalashvili, added, “why are you selling all of this? With what price of blood?” |
| “你们的手是脏的，”一名目前在乌克兰做志愿兵的格鲁吉亚人在一段网络视频中对格鲁吉亚的房东、银行和政界人士说。“你们每一个人，”这位名叫诺达里·卡拉什维利的战士还说，“为什么要出售这些东西？要付出多少血的代价？” |
| In neighboring Armenia, where the government says several thousand Russians have been arriving daily, the exiles report receiving a better welcome. Davur Dordzheir, 25, said he quit his job as a lawyer with Russia’s state-owned Sberbank, organized his financial affairs, made out a will and said goodbye to his mother. He flew to the Armenian capital, Yerevan, worried that his past public comments against the Russian government could make him a target. |
| 在邻国亚美尼亚，政府称每天都有数以千计的俄罗斯人抵达，流亡者说他们受到了更好的对待。25岁的达乌尔·多尔兹伊尔说，他辞去了俄罗斯国有的俄罗斯联邦储蓄银行的律师工作，整理好自己的财务状况，立了一份遗嘱，然后跟母亲告别。他担心自己过去公开发表的反政府言论会使自己成为攻击目标，于是坐飞机来到亚美尼亚首都埃里温。 |
| “I realized that since the start of this war, I am an enemy of the state along with thousands of Russians,” he said. |
| “我意识到，自从这场战争开始以来，我和数以千计的俄罗斯人一起，成了国家的敌人，”他说。 |
| In Istanbul, Ms. Borodina, the playwright, who arrived on March 5, has already lined up a designer and a Turkish printing shop to make Ukrainian flag pins for Russians to wear. It is part of her effort, she says, to “save this identity” of a Russia separate from Mr. Putin. She believes it is fair for Ukrainians to espouse hatred now for all Russians. But she is critical of people in the West who say that every Russian bears responsibility for Mr. Putin. |
| 3月5日抵达伊斯坦布尔的剧作家博罗季讷找到了一名设计师和一家土耳其印刷厂，为俄罗斯人制作乌克兰国旗徽章供他们佩戴。她说，她的努力是为了“拯救俄罗斯（独立于普京）的身份”。她认为，乌克兰人现在对所有俄罗斯人怀有仇恨是公平的。但她对西方一些人称每个俄罗斯人都对普京负有责任的说法持批评态度。 |
| “Have you lived under a dictatorship?” Ms. Borodina, 31, whose work has told the stories of Russians imprisoned for years after protesting, said she would ask those Westerners. “Do you know what the consequences of these protests can be?” |
| “你在独裁统治下生活过吗？”31岁的博罗季讷的作品讲述了俄罗斯人因抗议被监禁多年的故事。她说，她会问那些西方人。“你知道这些抗议活动会带来什么后果吗？” |
| Some exiled Russians are trying to organize mutual aid efforts and seeking to counter anti-Russian sentiment. Mr. Aleshkovsky, the journalist, 37, said he cried every day for the first five days of the war and suffered panic attacks. Then, he said, “I pulled myself together and realized I needed to do what I know how to do.” He and several colleagues are organizing an initiative tentatively called “OK Russians” to help those forced to or trying to depart and to produce media content in English and in Russian. |
| 一些流亡的俄罗斯人正试图组织互助工作，并寻求对抗反俄情绪。37岁的记者阿列什科夫斯基说，战争爆发的头五天，他每天都在哭，还遭受了恐慌症的折磨。然后，他说，“我振作起来，意识到我需要做我知道该怎么做的事。”他和几位同事正在组织一项名为“OK俄罗斯”的计划，旨在帮助那些被迫或试图离开俄罗斯的人，并以英语和俄语制作媒体内容。 |
| Mikhail B. Khodorkovsky, the exiled oil tycoon who spent 10 years imprisoned in Russia, is funding a project called Kovcheg — “The Ark” — which is providing housing in Istanbul and Yerevan and is looking for psychologists to offer emotional support. Since its kickoff on Thursday, it has received some 10,000 inquiries. |
| 曾在俄罗斯被囚禁了10年的流亡石油大亨米哈伊尔·霍多尔科夫斯基正在资助一个名为“Kovcheg”（方舟）的项目，在伊斯坦布尔和埃里温提供住房，并寻找心理学家提供情感支持。自周四启动以来，该项目已收到约1万份咨询。 |
| When Irina Lobanovskaya, the director of marketing at an artificial intelligence firm, started a chat group about emigration in the messaging app Telegram, she began with 10 people who shared tips about visas and work permits. The group now has more than 106,000 members. |
| 一家人工智能公司的营销总监伊琳娜·洛巴诺夫斯卡娅在即时通讯应用Telegram上创建了一个关于移民的聊天群，最初有10个人分享了有关签证和工作许可的建议。该群组现在有超过10.6万名成员。 |
| “I am a midwife, a lactation specialist, who ran away from Moscow with an almost 18-year-old son,” one woman wrote, asking for advice for exiled health care professionals. “We are sitting in Prague, trying to figure out how to live on.” |
| “我是一名助产士和哺乳专家，带着一个快18岁的儿子从莫斯科逃了出来，”一名女性写道，她要求为流亡的医疗专业人士提供建议。“我们正在布拉格，想弄清如何继续生活下去。” |
| The pain of leaving everything behind has been excruciating, many said — along with the guilt of perhaps not having done enough to fight Mr. Putin. Alevtina Borodulina, 30, an anthropologist, joined more than 4,700 Russian scientists in signing an open letter against the war. Then, as she walked with friends on central Moscow’s Boulevard Ring, one of them pulled out a tote bag that said “no to war” and promptly got arrested. |
| 许多人说，抛下一切的痛苦令人难以忍受，同时可能还有没能尽力对抗普京的内疚感。30岁的人类学家阿莱夫蒂娜·博罗杜林娜和4700多名俄罗斯科学家一起签署了一封反对战争的公开信。然后，她和朋友们走在莫斯科市中心的环形大道时，其中一人刚刚掏出一个写着“不要战争”的手提袋，立刻就被逮捕了。 |
| She flew to Istanbul on March 3, met like-minded Russians at a protest supporting Ukraine and now volunteers for the Kovcheg project to help other exiles. |
| 她于3月3日飞往伊斯坦布尔，在一场支持乌克兰的抗议活动中遇到了志同道合的俄罗斯人，现在她成了方舟项目的志愿者，以帮助其他流亡者。 |
| “It was like I was seeing the Soviet Union,” Ms. Borodulina said of her last days in Moscow. “I was thinking that the people who left the Soviet Union in the 1920s probably made a better decision than those who stayed and then ended up in the camps.” |
| “我仿佛看到了苏联，”博罗杜林娜谈到她在莫斯科的最后几天时说。“我在想，1920年代离开苏联的人，可能比那些留下来、后来被关进集中营的人做出了更好的决定。” |
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