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| After months of troop and tank buildups, of grim warnings of violence and vague assurances of peace, and of efforts at diplomacy in Washington, the halls of the United Nations and the capitals of Europe, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine began early Thursday morning, with shelling and rocket attacks on several major cities including the capital, Kyiv. |
| 经过了几个月的军队和坦克集结，对暴力的多次严峻警告、对和平的模糊保证，以及在华盛顿、联合国大厅和欧洲各国首都的外交努力之后，俄罗斯于周四凌晨开始入侵乌克兰，对包括首都基辅在内的几个主要城市发动炮击和火箭袭击。 |
| Explosions thundered in the dim light before dawn, minutes after President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia cynically declared the start of a “special military operation” to “demilitarize” Ukraine but not occupy the country. His announcement came as the United Nations Security Council held an emergency meeting, stunning ambassadors who had to deliver impromptu reactions to the rapidly changing events. |
| 俄罗斯总统普京公然宣布开始“特别军事行动”，旨在将乌克兰“非军事化”，而不是占领该国，几分钟后，爆炸声在黎明前的昏暗中隆隆响起。在他宣布这个消息之际，联合国安理会正在召开紧急会议，各国大使对此感到震惊，他们不得不对迅速变化的事态做出无准备的反应。 |
| Hours before the attacks began, President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine made a dramatic televised plea to the people of Russia, saying he wanted to speak to them directly after Mr. Putin had rejected his phone call. |
| 攻击开始前几小时，乌克兰总统泽连斯基令人吃惊地在电视上恳求俄罗斯人民，说在普京拒绝接听他打过去的电话后，他想把话直接讲给俄罗斯人民。 |
| “Listen to the voice of reason,” Mr. Zelensky said. “The Ukrainian people want peace.” |
| “倾听理性的声音，”泽连斯基说。“乌克兰人民想要和平。” |
| They did not get it. |
| 他们没有收到这个信息。 |
| Here’s a look at the conflict, how it came to this point and what happens next: |
| 下面是关于这场冲突的一些问题，它是怎样走到这一步的，以及接下来会发生什么： |
| What is the state of the fighting? |
| 战况如何？ |
| Ukrainians had hoped for months that the forecasts of an invasion from Russia, a nation with which they share much history and culture, could not be true. But on Thursday they awoke to its dire reality. |
| 几个月来，乌克兰人曾一直希望有关俄罗斯入侵的预测不会成为现实，俄罗斯与乌克兰有许多共同的历史和文化。但周四醒来后，他们看到的却是这个可怕的现实。 |
| Long lines of cars moved out of Kyiv, many heading west in hopes of finding sanctuary in one of the few parts of the country not ringed with Russian forces. In other places people sought protection in subway stations and bomb shelters as air raid sirens sounded out. |
| 离开基辅的汽车排起长龙，许多在向西行驶，人们希望在乌克兰西部少数几个边境上没有俄罗斯军队的地区找到避难场所。随着空袭警报的响起，其他地方的人们前往地铁站和防空洞寻求保护。 |
| Russian missiles hit the cities of Dnipro and Kharkiv. Explosions were reported in Kyiv, including at the capital’s airport. Russia said its forces had disabled all of Ukraine’s air defenses and air bases, while Ukraine’s military said it had shot down five Russian planes and one helicopter. |
| 俄罗斯的导弹袭击了第聂伯罗和哈尔科夫。据报道，基辅也有爆炸发生，包括在首都的机场。俄罗斯称，它的军队已摧毁了乌克兰所有的防空能力和空军基地，乌克兰军方则表示，已击落了五架俄罗斯飞机和一架直升机。 |
| In the east, Russian-backed separatists launched attacks in the breakaway regions of Luhansk and Donetsk, which they claim but only partly control, Russian state media reported. |
| 据俄罗斯官方媒体报道，在乌克兰东部，俄罗斯支持的分裂分子在已宣布独立的卢甘斯克和顿涅茨克地区发起了攻击，虽然分裂分子宣布拥有这两个地区，但只是部分地控制它们。 |
| Ukraine’s government said Russian troops also attacked from Belarus to the north, where they had been deployed for military exercises that the United States had said were possible cover for building an invasion force to assault Kyiv. The troops hit border checkpoints with artillery, heavy equipment and small arms. |
| 乌克兰政府表示，俄罗斯军队还从乌克兰北边的白俄罗斯发动攻击，俄罗斯军队是为参加军事演习部署在那里的，美国曾表示，演习可能是为进攻基辅集结入侵部队作掩护。俄罗斯军队用大炮、重型装备和轻武器袭击了北部边境的检查站。 |
| In the south, Russian troops landed in Odessa on the Black Sea, according to Ukrainian officials. |
| 据乌克兰官员称，俄罗斯军队已在乌克兰南部黑海之滨的敖德萨登陆。 |
| Why did Russia invade? |
| 俄罗斯为什么入侵？ |
| Mr. Putin has long sought to assert some control over his neighbor, which was once part of the Russian empire and the Soviet Union. He has expressed a sense of humiliation at the collapse of the Soviet Union and grievance at how the West filled the void. NATO, the military alliance that includes the United States and European powers, has added members in Central and Eastern Europe that had once been Soviet states or part of its sphere of influence, including Hungary, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Czech Republic. |
| 长期以来，普京一直寻求对这个邻国施加某种控制，乌克兰曾是俄罗斯帝国和苏联的一部分。普京对苏联解体表达了耻辱感，并对西方乘虚而入的做法表示不满。包括美国和欧洲列强在内的军事联盟北约已将中欧和东欧的一些国家增加为成员国，包括匈牙利、波兰、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛和捷克共和国，这些国家中有些曾是苏联加盟共和国，有些属于其势力范围。 |
| In 2008, NATO said Ukraine and Georgia, both former Soviet states, could also join, without detailing when or how that would happen. For Mr. Putin, that crossed a red line. |
| 北约在2008年表示，前苏联加盟共和国乌克兰和格鲁吉亚也可以加入该组织，但没有详细说明何时或如何加入。对普京来说，这越过了红线。 |
| In 2014, after Ukraine’s pro-Russian president was ousted in giant street protests, Mr. Putin moved to annex Crimea. He also supported separatist forces that control parts of the eastern regions of Luhansk and Donetsk, where they have waged a protracted fight with the Ukrainian military. |
| 2014年，乌克兰的亲俄总统在大规模街头抗议中被赶下台后，普京采取行动吞并了克里米亚。他还支持部分控制着乌东地区的卢甘斯克和顿涅茨克的分离主义势力，分离主义者在那里与乌克兰军队展开了旷日持久的战斗。 |
| Ukraine’s leadership has pursued a policy of closer ties with the West. The country has written into its constitution a goal of joining NATO. But that is unlikely to happen any time soon. Some member nations, which must vote unanimously, remain concerned about extending military commitments and have doubts about the strength of the rule of law in Ukraine, a young democracy with extensive corruption. |
| 乌克兰领导层一直奉行与西方建立更紧密关系的政策。该国已将加入北约的目标写入宪法。但这在短期内不太可能发生。北约成员国必须一致同意新成员国的加入，一些成员国对进一步扩大军事承诺保持担忧，也对乌克兰依法治国的力度表示怀疑。乌克兰是一个年轻的民主国家，腐败现象严重。 |
| But even the remote prospect of Ukraine joining NATO has infuriated Mr. Putin, who calls it a threat to Russian security. |
| 但就连乌克兰加入北约的遥远前景也足以激怒普京，他将之称为对俄罗斯安全的威胁。 |
| What led to this point? |
| 是什么导致事态发展到这一步？ |
| Starting last fall, Russia began to mass troops along its border with Ukraine and in Belarus, an aligned former Soviet state. The deployments were described as training exercises, but the force continued to expand to as many as 190,000 troops. The United States and its allies warned that Mr. Putin appeared set to invade, often citing intelligence that would have traditionally remained secret. |
| 从去年秋天开始，俄罗斯开始在与乌克兰接壤的边境地区以及白俄罗斯与乌克兰接壤的边境地区大举部署军队，白俄罗斯曾是苏联加盟共和国，现与俄罗斯结盟。俄罗斯对这些部署的说法是训练演习，但部队的数量不断扩大，已达到19万人的规模。美国及其盟友警告称，普京看来是在为入侵乌克兰做准备，还经常给出一些传统上保密的情报。 |
| Russia repeatedly dismissed those assertions. “Wars in Europe rarely start on a Wednesday,” Vladimir Chizhov, Russia’s ambassador to the European Union, said last week. |
| 俄罗斯一再驳斥这些说法。“欧洲的战争很少在周三爆发，”俄罗斯驻欧盟大使弗拉基米尔·奇佐夫上周说。 |
| But on Monday Mr. Putin said he would recognize the so-called Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics and directed the Russian military to deploy troops in those regions for what he called “peacekeeping functions.” |
| 但普京本周一说，他将承认所谓的顿涅茨克和卢甘斯克人民共和国，并指示俄罗斯军队向这些地区部署军队，执行他所谓的“维和任务”。 |
| In a lengthy speech, Mr. Putin presented his case for aggression against Ukraine, calling it an artificial creation of the Soviet Union that was manipulated into declaring independence. He accused Ukraine’s leaders of oppressing the country’s Russian-speaking population, fomenting hatred toward Moscow and planning hostility toward Russia, necessitating self-defense. |
| 普京在长篇讲话中阐述了他侵略乌克兰的理由，称乌克兰是苏联人人为创造出来的东西，受外界操纵宣布了独立。他指责乌克兰领导人压迫该国讲俄语的人口，煽动对莫斯科的仇恨，策划对俄罗斯的敌意，迫使俄罗斯进行自卫。 |
| How has the world responded? |
| 世界对此有何反应？ |
| Ukraine, the United States and others have condemned Russia’s aggression and dismissed Mr. Putin’s justifications. The United States and European Union allies have announced a range of limited sanctions already, targeting much of Mr. Putin’s inner circle. Those measures included suspending a natural gas pipeline project to Germany, blocking international transactions by some Russian banks and freezing the overseas assets of some wealthy Russian families and top officials. |
| 乌克兰、美国和其他国家谴责了俄罗斯的侵略行为，并驳斥了普京的辩解。美国和欧盟的盟友已宣布了一系列针对普京核心圈子的有限制裁措施。这些措施包括暂停一个通往德国的天然气管道项目，阻止一些俄罗斯银行的国际交易，冻结一些富裕的俄罗斯家庭和高级官员的海外资产。 |
| Both America and Europe promised far tougher measures if Russia went as far as a full invasion of Ukraine. They have been negotiating the outlines of the steps for weeks, and are expected to come ahead with new penalties quickly. |
| 美国和欧洲都承诺，如果俄罗斯全面入侵乌克兰，将采取严厉得多的措施。欧美已就这些步骤的大体进行了数周的谈判，预计将很快出台新的惩罚措施。 |
| But the likelihood of outside military intervention appears small, even though the United States and some European allies have provided weapons to Ukraine. |
| 然而，外部军事干预的可能性似乎很小，尽管美国和一些欧洲盟国已经向乌克兰提供了武器。 |
| Some of the first responses to Russia’s invasion came from the United Nations Security Council, which was holding an emergency meeting as Mr. Putin announced military action. |
| 对俄罗斯入侵的一些最早回应来自联合国安全理事会，安理会在普京宣布采取军事行动之际正在召开紧急会议。 |
| “Unfortunately, while we’ve been meeting in the Security Council tonight, it appears that President Putin has ordered that last step,” said the U.S. ambassador, Linda Thomas-Greenfield. “This is a grave emergency.” |
| “不幸的是，正当我们今晚在安理会开会的时候，普京总统看来已经发出了采取最后一步行动的命令，”美国驻联合国大使琳达·托马斯—格林菲尔德说。“这是一个严重的紧急情况。” |
| Ukraine’s ambassador, Sergiy Kyslytsya, called on his Russian counterpart to phone Mr. Putin and ask him to stop the war. “There is no purgatory for war criminals,” Mr. Kyslytsya said. “They go straight to hell, ambassador.” |
| 乌克兰驻联合国大使谢尔盖·基斯利茨亚呼吁俄罗斯驻联合国大使给普京打电话，要求他停止战争。“战犯没有炼狱，”基斯利特亚说。“他们会直接下地狱，大使。” |
| The Russian ambassador, Vasily Nebenzya, responded that his country was not attacking the Ukrainian people but rather “the junta in power in Kyiv.” |
| 俄罗斯大使瓦西里·涅边贾回应说，他的国家并不是在对乌克兰人民发动攻击，而是对“基辅非法掌权的政府”。 |
| The Security Council is expected to meet Thursday to consider a resolution condemning Russian actions, which Russia, a permanent member of the council, will likely veto. |
| 预计安理会将于周四开会，考虑一项谴责俄罗斯行为的决议。作为安理会常任理事国的俄罗斯很可能会否决这项决议。 |
| President Biden said the United States and allies will be “imposing severe sanctions on Russia” on Thursday, following an initial set of penalties this week. |
| 拜登总统表示，美国及其盟友将在周四“对俄罗斯实施严厉制裁”，美国已在本周对俄罗斯实施了一系列初步制裁。 |
| Mr. Biden said he spoke with President Zelensky, who he said asked him “to call on the leaders of the world to speak out clearly against President Putin’s flagrant aggression, and to stand with the people of Ukraine.” |
| 拜登说，他已与泽连斯基通了电话。他表示，泽连斯基请他“呼吁世界各国领导人明确反对普京的公然侵犯，与乌克兰人民站在一起”。 |
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