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| Many public health officials have taken heart in early evidence that suggests infections from the Omicron variant tend to cause less severe illness than other versions of the coronavirus. But another important question looms: whether infection with Omicron, including breakthrough cases in vaccinated people, can result in long Covid — the constellation of physical, neurological and cognitive symptoms that can last for months and impair people’s daily lives. |
| 早期证据表明，与其他类型的新冠病毒相比，奥密克戎变异株感染往往导致轻症，这让许多公共卫生官员感到振奋。但另一个重要的问题出现了：感染奥密克戎，包括疫苗接种者当中出现的突破性病例，是否会导致长期新冠(long Covid)，也就是一系列身体、神经和认知症状，可持续数月，并损害日常生活。 |
| It is too early for scientists to know much about the relationship between Omicron, vaccination and long Covid. Research from earlier in the pandemic does not yield definitive clues. Here is a sketch of what scientists have learned and the many questions still to be answered. |
| 对于科学家来说，要了解奥密克戎、疫苗接种和长期新冠之间的关系还为时过早。疫情早期的研究并没有得出明确的线索。以下是科学家们所了解到的情况，以及许多有待解答的问题。 |
| Can Omicron cause long Covid? |
| 奥密克戎会导致长期新冠吗？ |
| Because the Omicron variant was first identified in late November, it is too early to say how long symptoms of infection can persist. It is also unclear whether, like previous versions of the virus, it can lead to the emergence of problems like brain fog or extreme fatigue after the infection has resolved. |
| 由于奥密克戎变异株是在11月底首次被发现的，现在就说感染症状能持续多久还为时过早。目前还不清楚这种病毒是否像以前的病毒版本一样，在感染问题解决后会出现脑雾或极度疲劳等问题。 |
| While recent reports suggest that Omicron may cause less severe initial illness than other variants, the basic symptoms of infection with Omicron are similar to infection with other variants, suggesting that long-term effects could also be similar. |
| 虽然最近的报告表明，与其他变异株相比，奥密克戎引起的初始疾病可能不那么严重，但感染的基本症状与其他变异株的感染症状相似，这表明长期影响可能也相似。 |
| Milder initial illnesses do not necessarily mean that Omicron is less likely to lead to long Covid, doctors, researchers and patient-led groups caution. Studies from earlier waves of the pandemic indicate that many people who had mild or asymptomatic initial reactions to coronavirus infection went on to develop long Covid that persisted for months. |
| 医生、研究人员和患者领导的团体发出警告，较轻的初始疾病并不一定意味着奥密克戎不太可能导致长期新冠。早期疫情的研究表明，许多最初的新冠病毒轻症或无症状者后来发展成持续数月的长期新冠。 |
| Can vaccines prevent long Covid? |
| 疫苗能预防长期新冠吗？ |
| Maybe. |
| 也许能。 |
| Vaccines primarily prevent people from getting seriously ill or dying from a coronavirus infection. With some previous variants, vaccines seemed to reduce the likelihood of infection itself — and not getting infected is, of course, the best way to avoid long Covid. But vaccines have not been as effective in preventing infection with Omicron, and breakthrough infections with this new variant are far more common. |
| 疫苗主要是防止人们因新冠病毒感染而患上重症或死亡。对于以前的一些变异株，疫苗似乎可以降低感染本身的可能性——当然，不被感染是避免长期新冠的最佳方式。但疫苗在预防奥密克戎感染方面并没那么有效，而且这种新变异株的突破性感染要普遍得多。 |
| Studies looking at vaccinated people and long Covid have so far mostly focused on data collected before the emergence of the Delta variant. And the study results have been mixed. |
| 到目前为止，针对接种疫苗者和长期新冠的研究主要集中在德尔塔病毒变异株出现之前收集的数据。研究结果喜忧参半。 |
| One large study, which was published in the journal The Lancet Infectious Diseases, was based on reports to a phone app by more than 1.2 million British adults who had received at least one dose of a coronavirus vaccine between December 2020 and July 2021. It found that people who had received two vaccine doses and gotten breakthrough infections were about half as likely as people who had not been vaccinated to report symptoms lasting at least 28 days after their infection. About 5 percent of those with breakthrough infections reported such lingering symptoms, the study found, compared with 11 percent of infected people in an unvaccinated control group. |
| 发表在《柳叶刀传染病》(The Lancet Infectious Diseases)期刊上的一项大型研究是基于逾120万名英国成年人向一款手机应用程序提交的报告，他们在2020年12月至2021年7月期间至少接种了一剂新冠疫苗。研究发现，接种过两剂疫苗并出现突破性感染的人报告感染后症状持续至少28天的可能性约为未接种疫苗者的一半。研究发现，在那些有突破性感染的人中，大约5%报告了这种持续的症状，而在未接种疫苗的对照组中，这一比例为11%。 |
| Another large study, which was published without being peer-reviewed, found a similarly encouraging result. The study, produced by Arcadia, a health care data firm, and the Covid Patient Recovery Alliance, a collaboration of leaders with health expertise in government and the private sector, analyzed records of about 240,000 patients infected with the coronavirus by May 2021. |
| 另一项发表前未经同行评议的大型研究也发现了同样令人鼓舞的结果。这项研究是医疗数据公司阿卡迪亚和新冠患者康复联盟共同完成的（后者由政府及私营部门的卫生专业人士组成），它分析了到2021年5月约24万名新冠病毒感染者的记录。 |
| It found that people who had received even one dose of a Covid vaccine before their infection were seven to 10 times less likely to report two or more symptoms of long Covid 12 to 20 weeks later. The study, which was led by Michael Simon, Arcadia’s director of data science, and Dr. Richard Parker, the firm’s chief medical officer, also found that people who received their first vaccine dose after contracting the coronavirus were less likely to develop long Covid than those who remained unvaccinated, and the sooner they were vaccinated after infection, the lower the risk of long-term symptoms. |
| 研究发现，在感染前接种过哪怕一剂新冠疫苗的人，在12至20周后报告两种或两种以上症状的可能性要低七至10倍。这项由阿卡迪亚数据科学主管迈克尔·西蒙和该公司首席医疗官理查德·帕克博士领导的研究还发现，与未接种疫苗者相比，在感染新冠病毒后接种第一剂疫苗的人出现长期新冠的可能性更小，而且他们感染后越早接种疫苗，出现长期症状的风险就越低。 |
| But results from another study, also not yet peer-reviewed, were more discouraging about the ability of vaccines to prevent long Covid. The study was conducted by researchers in the United Kingdom who analyzed electronic medical records of patients in the United States. It compared about 10,000 people who had received Covid vaccines with a similar number of people who had not been vaccinated against the coronavirus but did have a flu vaccine — an effort to limit the number of people in the study who might be considered vaccine hesitant or who generally had less healthy behaviors, the researcher said. |
| 但另一项尚未经同行评议的研究结果对疫苗预防长期新冠的能力并不乐观。这项研究由英国研究人员进行，他们分析了美国患者的电子病历。研究人员说，该研究将大约一万名接种过新冠疫苗者与类似数量的未接种新冠疫苗但接种过流感疫苗者进行了比较——这是为了限制研究中那些可能对疫苗犹豫不决或一般来说行为不太健康者的数量。 |
| The study found that having a coronavirus vaccine before being infected did not reduce the risk of most symptoms of long Covid. There was some suggestion from the data that vaccinated people might be at lower risk of long-term issues like abnormal breathing and cognitive symptoms, the authors wrote, but those results were not statistically conclusive. |
| 研究发现，在感染前接种新冠病毒疫苗并不能降低出现长期新冠大多数症状的风险。作者写道，从数据中可以看出，接种疫苗者面临呼吸异常和认知症状等长期问题的风险可能较低，但这些结果在统计学上并不具有决定性。 |
| The authors said it was possible that because their data relied on electronic health records, the study might have captured only patients with the most severe symptoms, rather than a wider range of patients who did not seek medical attention for their symptoms. |
| 作者说，由于他们的数据依赖于电子健康记录，这项研究可能只记录了症状最严重的患者，而不是更广泛的没有因症状而寻求医疗照顾的患者。 |
| Can vaccines help if you already have long Covid? |
| 如果已经患上了长期新冠，疫苗是否有帮助？ |
| When vaccines were first rolled out, before the emergence of the more contagious Delta variant which preceded the even-more-contagious Omicron variant, some patients with long Covid were finding that symptoms like brain fog, joint pain, shortness of breath and fatigue improved after they were vaccinated. Still, many people experienced no difference in their symptoms after vaccination and a small percentage said they felt worse. |
| 当疫苗首次推出时，在传染性更强的德尔塔变异株出现之前（传染性更强的奥密克戎变异株是在德尔塔之后出现的），一些长期新冠患者发现，接种疫苗后，脑雾、关节疼痛、呼吸短促和疲劳等症状得到了改善。尽管如此，许多人在接种疫苗后症状没有变化，还有一小部分人说感觉更糟了。 |
| A study by the Office for National Statistics in the United Kingdom found that in people ages 18 to 69 who reported their symptoms between February and September 2021, a first dose of a vaccine lowered the odds of reporting long Covid symptoms by 13 percent. A second dose further lowered the odds by 9 percent, the study found. |
| 英国国家统计局的一项研究发现，在2021年2月至9月报告症状的18岁至69岁人群中，第一剂疫苗将报告长期新冠症状的几率降低了13%。研究发现，第二剂疫苗将该几率进一步降低了9%。 |
| Some researchers say it might make scientific sense that vaccines could help some people with long Covid. |
| 一些研究人员表示，从科学的角度来看，疫苗或许能够帮助一些长期新冠患者。 |
| The cause of long Covid is still unclear, and different symptoms might have different underlying causes in different patients, experts say. Some leading theories are that the condition may be related to remnants of the virus or its genetic material lingering after the initial infection subsides or to inflammation or blood circulation problems spurred by an overactive immune response that is unable to shut down. |
| 专家表示，长期新冠的病因尚不清楚，不同患者的不同症状可能有不同的根本原因。一些主流理论认为，这种情况可能与最初感染消退后残留的病毒或遗传物质有关，也可能与过度活跃、无法关闭的免疫反应引发的炎症或血液循环问题有关。 |
| Akiko Iwasaki, an immunologist at Yale, has said that vaccines may be able to provide lasting relief in people whose symptoms are caused by vestiges of the virus if the antibodies generated by the vaccines eliminate those remnants. But in people whose symptoms may be caused by a post-viral response resembling an autoimmune disease, she said, vaccines may help only temporarily and problems like fatigue could re-emerge. |
| 耶鲁大学的免疫学家岩崎明子表示，如果疫苗产生的抗体消除了病毒残余，那么疫苗就可能有能力对那些因病毒残余引起的症状提供持久的缓解。但她说，对于那些症状可能是由类似自身免疫性疾病的病毒后反应引起的人，疫苗可能只是暂时起作用，疲劳等问题可能会再次出现。 |
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