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| MOSCOW — Stepping onto a podium in heavy boots and military fatigues at a ceremony outside Moscow, six teenagers accepted awards for an increasingly important discipline in Russia: patriotism. |
| 莫斯科——在莫斯科郊外举行的一场仪式上，六名身穿沉重靴子和军装的青少年登上领奖台，接受一门在俄罗斯日渐重要的科目的奖励：爱国主义。 |
| For days, students from around the country had competed in activities like map-reading, shooting and history quizzes. The contest was funded in part by the Kremlin, which has been making “military patriotic” education a priority. |
| 几天里，来自全国各地的学生参加了读地图、射击和历史小测验等比赛。这项竞赛部分由一直将“军事爱国主义”教育作为头等大事的克里姆林宫资助。 |
| “Parents and children understand that this aggressive shell around us, it is tightening, it is hardening,” said Svyatoslav Omelchenko, a special forces veteran of the K.G.B. who founded Vympel, the group running the event. “We are doing all we can to make sure that children are aware of that and to get them ready to go and serve.” |
| “家长和孩子们都明白，我们周围这个咄咄逼人的外壳正在收紧，而且越来越坚硬，”主办该活动的温佩尔小组的创始人、曾是克格勃特种部队成员的斯维亚托斯拉夫·奥梅尔琴科说。“我们正在竭尽全力地确保孩子们意识到这一点，并让他们为服役做好准备。” |
| Over the past eight years, the Russian government has promoted the idea that the motherland is surrounded by enemies, filtering the concept through national institutions like schools, the military, the news media and the Orthodox Church. It has even raised the possibility that the country might again have to defend itself as it did against the Nazis in World War II. |
| 过去八年里，俄罗斯政府一直在宣传祖国被敌人包围的观念，并通过学校、军队、新闻媒体和东正教会等国家机构来渗透这一概念。它甚至提出了一种可能性——国家可能再次被迫进行自卫，就像在“二战”期间对抗纳粹那样。 |
| Now, as Russia masses troops on the Ukrainian border, spurring Western fears of an impending invasion, the steady militarization of Russian society under President Vladimir V. Putin suddenly looms large, and appears to have inured many to the idea that a fight could be coming. |
| 目前，俄罗斯在乌克兰边境集结军队，令西方担心一场入侵迫在眉睫，在弗拉基米·V·普京总统领导下，俄罗斯社会的稳步军事化突然显眼起来，许多人似乎已经习惯了战争即将到来的想法。 |
| “The authorities are actively selling the idea of war,” Dmitri A. Muratov, the Russian newspaper editor who shared the Nobel Peace Prize this year, said in his acceptance speech in Oslo this month. “People are getting used to the thought of its permissibility.” |
| “当局正在积极推销战争的想法，”今年的诺贝尔和平奖获奖者之一、俄罗斯报纸编辑德米特里·A·穆拉托夫本月在奥斯陆发表获奖感言时说。“人们正在逐渐习惯，觉得它是可接受的。” |
| Speaking to Russian military leaders on Tuesday, Mr. Putin insisted that Russia did not want bloodshed, but was prepared to respond with “military-technical measures” to what he described as the West’s aggressive behavior in the region. |
| 周二，普京在对俄罗斯军方领导人讲话时坚称，俄罗斯不希望发生流血事件，但准备以“军事技术措施”回应他所说的西方在该地区的侵略行为。 |
| While there is no surging war fever taking hold, there are plenty of signs that the government has been nurturing a readiness for conflict. A $185 million four-year program started by the Kremlin this year aims to drastically increase Russians’ “patriotic education,” including a plan to attract at least 600,000 children as young as 8 to join the ranks of a uniformed Youth Army. Adults get their inculcation from state television, where political shows — one is called “Moscow. Kremlin. Putin.” — drive home the narrative of a fascist coup in Ukraine and a West bent on Russia’s destruction. |
| 虽然没有汹涌的战争狂热，但有很多迹象表明，政府一直在培养人们做好准备，应对冲突。克里姆林宫今年启动了一项耗资1.85亿美元的四年计划，旨在大幅提高俄罗斯人的“爱国主义教育”，包括一项吸引至少60万名八岁以下儿童加入穿制服的青年军的计划。成年人从国家电视台接受灌输，其政治节目——其中一个名为《莫斯科，克里姆林宫，普京》——向人们宣扬乌克兰发生了一场法西斯政变，而西方一心毁灭俄罗斯。 |
| And all are united by the near-sacred memory of Soviet victory in World War II — one that the state has seized upon to shape an identity of a triumphal Russia that must be ready to take up arms once more. |
| 所有人被苏联在“二战”中的胜利这一近乎神圣的记忆团结在一起——国家利用这一记忆塑造了一个胜利的俄罗斯形象，它必须随时准备再次拿起武器。 |
| Aleksei Levinson, the head of sociocultural research at the Levada Center, an independent Moscow pollster, calls the trend the “militarization of the consciousness” of Russians. In the center’s regular surveys, the army in 2018 became the country’s most trusted institution, surpassing even the president. This year, the share of Russians saying they feared a world war hit the highest level recorded in surveys dating to 1994 — 62 percent. |
| 莫斯科独立民意调查机构勒瓦达中心的社会文化研究负责人阿列克谢·莱文森将这种趋势称为俄罗斯人的“意识军事化”。在该中心的定期调查中，军队在2018年成为该国最受信任的机构，甚至超过了总统。今年，62%的俄罗斯人表示担心会爆发一场世界大战，这一比例达到了1994年调查开始以来的最高水平。 |
| This does not mean, Mr. Levinson cautioned, that Russians would welcome a bloody territorial conquest of Ukraine. But it does mean, he said, that many have been conditioned to accept that Russia is locked in an existential rivalry with other powers in which the use of force is a possibility. |
| 莱文森提醒，这并不意味着俄罗斯人愿意对乌克兰进行血腥的领土征服。但他说，这确实意味着，许多人已经习惯于接受俄罗斯与其他大国之间存在生死存亡的竞争，在这样的竞争中，使用武力是可能的。 |
| In a Levada poll published last week, 39 percent of Russians said war between Russia and Ukraine was either inevitable or very likely. Half said the United States and NATO were to blame for the recent rise in tensions, and no more than 4 percent — across all age groups — said Russia was at fault. |
| 在勒瓦达上周公布的一项民意调查中，39%的俄罗斯人表示，俄罗斯和乌克兰之间的战争是不可避免的，或者是很有可能发生。半数人认为美国和北约应该对最近紧张局势的加剧负责，在所有年龄段中，只有不超过4%的人认为是俄罗斯的错。 |
| The conviction across society that Russia is not the aggressor reflects a core ideology dating to Soviet times: that the country only fights defensive wars. The government has even earmarked money for movies that explore that theme: In April, the Culture Ministry decreed that “Russia’s historical victories” and “Russia’s peacekeeping mission” were among the priority topics for film producers seeking government funding. |
| 整个社会都坚信俄罗斯不是侵略者，这反映了一种可以追溯到苏联时代的核心意识形态：俄罗斯只打防御性战争。政府甚至为探讨这一主题的电影拨款：今年4月，文化部颁布命令，“俄罗斯的历史性胜利”和“俄罗斯维护和平的使命”是寻求政府资助的电影制片人应当优先考虑的主题之一。 |
| “Right now, the idea is being pushed that Russia is a peace-loving country permanently surrounded by enemies,” said Anton Dolin, a Russian film critic. “This is contradicted by some facts, but if you show it at the movies and translate that idea into the time of the Great Patriotic War, we all instantly get a scheme familiar to everyone from childhood.” |
| “现在，人们推崇这样一种观点：俄罗斯是一个爱好和平的国家，长期被敌人包围，”俄罗斯影评人安东·多林说。“这与一些事实相矛盾，但如果你在电影里展现它，并且把它转化到伟大的卫国战争时期，就会立刻得到一个人们从小就熟悉的故事结构。” |
| On Russian state television, the narrative of a Ukraine controlled by neo-Nazis and used as a staging ground for Western aggression has been a common trope since the pro-Western revolution in Kyiv in 2014. After the revolution, Russia annexed the Ukrainian peninsula of Crimea, fomented a war in Ukraine’s east and sharpened its messaging about Russia as a “besieged fortress.” |
| 自2014年基辅发生亲西方革命以来，在俄罗斯国家电视台上，有关乌克兰被新纳粹控制、被用作西方侵略的舞台这样的叙事一直都很常见。革命结束后，俄罗斯吞并了乌克兰的克里米亚半岛，在乌克兰东部煽动了一场战争，并强化了俄罗斯是“被围困的堡垒”的信息。 |
| Some analysts fear that the escalating rhetoric is laying the foundation for what Russia would cast as a defensive intervention to protect its security and Russian speakers in Ukraine. Yevgeny Popov, a newly elected member of Parliament and a host of a popular political show on state TV, said in an interview that his ratings were up in recent weeks — “the tension is rising,” he said. |
| 一些分析人士担心，不断升级的言论正为俄罗斯奠定基础，将它自己行为描述为防御性干预，旨在保护本国安全和乌克兰的俄语人群。叶夫根尼·波波夫是一名新当选的国会议员，也是国家电视台一个颇受欢迎的政治节目的主持人。他在一次采访中说，最近几周他的支持率上升了——“紧张局势正在加剧，”他说。 |
| “I think that most people in Russia would only be in favor if we defended Russian people who live in these territories,” Mr. Popov said, referring to the separatist territories in Ukraine where hundreds of thousands have received Russian citizenship. |
| “我认为，我们只有保护在这些领土上生活的俄罗斯人，大多数俄罗斯人才会支持我们，”波波夫说。他指的是由分离主义者占领的乌克兰地区，那里有数十万人获得了俄罗斯公民身份。 |
| The effectiveness of the state’s militarized messaging is up for debate. Polls show that young people have a more positive view of the West than older Russians, and the pro-Kremlin sentiment prompted by the Crimea annexation appears to have dissipated amid economic stagnation. |
| 国家军事化信息的有效性还有待商榷。民意调查显示，与年长的俄罗斯人相比，年轻人对西方的看法更为积极，在经济停滞的情况下，吞并克里米亚引发的亲克里姆林宫情绪似乎已经消散了。 |
| But the Kremlin is doubling down. Its drive to increase “patriotic education” includes funding for groups like Vympel. The “military patriotic” organization has some 100 chapters around the country, and it organized the recent skills competition in the city of Vladimir that ended on Thursday. |
| 但克里姆林宫正在加倍努力。它加强“爱国主义教育”的工作包括为温佩尔小组这样的组织提供资金。这个“军事爱国组织”在全国有大约100个分会，最近在弗拉基米尔市组织了技能比赛，于周四结束。 |
| Veronika Osipova, 17, from the city of Rostov-on-Don near Ukraine’s border, won the award for best female student. For years, she played the harp, graduating with honors from an elite music school. But in 2015, she started learning how to shoot a machine gun and throw grenades. She resolved to join the Russian military to protect the country against its enemies. |
| 17岁的维罗妮卡·奥西波娃来自乌克兰边境附近的顿河畔罗斯托夫市，她获得了最佳女学生奖。多年来，她一直演奏竖琴，并以优异的成绩从一所精英音乐学校毕业。但在2015年，她开始学习射击机枪和投掷手榴弹。她决心加入俄罗斯军队，保护国家不受敌人侵害。 |
| “I follow the example of girls who, under bullets and grenades, went to fight during the Great Patriotic War,” Ms. Osipova said. “They had no choice, but we do have it, and I choose the army.” |
| “我的榜样是卫国战争期间冒着子弹和手榴弹去打仗的女孩们，”奥西波娃说。“她们没有选择，但我们有选择，我选择军队。” |
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