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| Citing new evidence that vaccinated Americans with so-called breakthrough infections can carry as much coronavirus as unvaccinated people do, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention last month urged residents of high-transmission areas to wear masks in public indoor spaces, regardless of their vaccination status. |
| 美国疾病控制与预防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)上个月敦促高传播地区的民众在室内公共场所戴口罩，无论疫苗的接种情况如何。疾控中心援引新证据表明，发生所谓突破性感染的已接种疫苗者携带的新冠病毒数量不亚于未接种者。 |
| The announcement reversed the agency’s recommendation in May that vaccinated people could forgo masks. The vaccines remain highly effective at preventing severe illness and death, but the highly contagious Delta variant and persistent vaccine refusal have taken the country in an unexpected direction. Infections have spiked to the highest levels in six months. |
| 这推翻了该机构5月发布的建议，即已接种疫苗人群可以不戴口罩。疫苗在预防重症和死亡方面仍然非常有效，但具有高度传染性的德尔塔变异毒株和人们持续拒绝接种疫苗的行为，使美国朝着一个意想不到的方向发展。目前美国的感染人数已飙升至六个月来的最高水平。 |
| “If the war hadn’t changed, I wouldn’t have felt the need to take such a widely unpopular action,” Dr. Rochelle Walensky, the C.D.C.’s director, said in an email. |
| 疾控中心主任罗谢尔·瓦伦斯基(Rochelle Walensky)博士在一封电子邮件中说：“如果不是因为这场战争发生了变化，我不会觉得有必要采取这样普遍不受欢迎的行动。” |
| Dr. Walensky has repeatedly said that breakthrough infections are extremely rare. But the agency does not tally national figures on breakthrough infections that don’t result in hospitalization or death, and, in any event, its numbers lag by a few weeks. The exact incidence of these infections, as well as their outcomes, is unknown. |
| 瓦伦斯基博士一再表示，突破性感染极为罕见。但该机构并没有统计全国未导致住院或死亡的突破性感染病例，而且无论如何，数字都是滞后几周的。这些感染的确切发病率及其结果尚不清楚。 |
| Breakthrough infections seemed to be vanishingly rare when previous versions of the coronavirus dominated in the United States. But recent outbreaks suggest that the numbers may be higher with the arrival of the Delta variant. |
| 当先前的新冠病毒版本在美国占主导地位时，突破性感染病例似乎极其罕见。但最近的暴发表明，随着德尔塔变异毒株的到来，这个数字可能会更高。 |
| “A modest percentage of people who are fully vaccinated will still get Covid-19 if they are exposed to the virus that causes it,” Dr. Walensky said in the email. |
| 瓦伦斯基博士在电子邮件中说：“一小部分完全接种疫苗的人如果接触到导致Covid-19的病毒，仍然会感染。” |
| Still, most vaccinated people with a breakthrough infection are likely to have mild symptoms. And they may even benefit, in the long run: Every exposure to the virus is an opportunity for the immune system to strengthen its defenses against variants that may emerge in the future. |
| 尽管如此，大多数发生突破性感染的接种者可能只有轻症。从长远来看，他们甚至可能从中受益：每次接触病毒都是免疫系统加强对未来可能出现的变异的防御机会。 |
| Booster shots and mild natural infections can both increase the immunity initially gained from the vaccines, said Dr. Michael Mina, an epidemiologist at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. “This is why young adults and adults don’t get sick — it’s because as a kid you get an opportunity to see these pathogens over and over and over,” he said. |
| 哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院(Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health)的流行病学家迈克尔·米纳(Michael Mina)博士说，加强针和轻度自然感染都可以增加最初从疫苗中获得的免疫力。“这就是为什么年轻人和成年人不容易生病——这是因为你还是孩子的时候，不断有机会遇到这些病原体，”他说。 |
| The vaccines were designed to prevent severe illness, not infection. |
| 这些疫苗旨在预防重症，而不是感染。 |
| The vaccines were intended to prevent hospitalization and death, the worst outcomes of infection, in large part the result of damage to the lungs and other organs. The vaccines produce antibodies in the blood that prevent the coronavirus from taking root in those organs. |
| 这些疫苗旨在避免感染的最坏结果，即住院和死亡，在很大程度上这是肺部和其他器官受损的结果。疫苗在血液中产生抗体，防止新冠病毒在这些器官中发展。 |
| But the infection begins when people inhale or ingest the virus through the nose or the throat. Some antibodies produced by the vaccines do seem to be present in nasal secretions and saliva, and were probably enough to thwart previous variants of the virus. Delta offers a tougher challenge. |
| 但是当人们通过鼻子或喉咙吸入或摄入病毒时，感染就开始了。疫苗产生的一些抗体似乎确实存在于鼻腔分泌物和唾液中，可能足以阻止之前的病毒变异毒株。而德尔塔变异毒株带来了更严峻的挑战。 |
| Early in the infection, when people are most likely to be contagious, the Delta variant seems to replicate in amounts that are perhaps 1,000 times as much as those seen in people infected with other variants, defeating immune defenses in the nose and throat. |
| 在感染早期，当人们最有可能具有传染性时，德尔塔变异毒株的复制量似乎是感染其他变异毒株的1000倍，从而会破坏鼻子和喉咙的免疫防御系统。 |
| “It’s just way more virus that’s going to potentially overwhelm that initial firewall,” said Jennifer Gommerman, an immunologist at the University of Toronto. |
| 多伦多大学(University of Toronto)免疫学家詹妮弗·戈默曼(Jennifer Gommerman)说：“非常多的病毒可能会压倒最初的免疫屏障。” |
| To prevent both severe illness and infections, the vaccines would need to produce long-lasting antibodies in the blood and the nose. “That’s a really tall ask for a vaccine,” Dr. Gommerman said. |
| 为了同时预防重症和感染，疫苗需要在血液和鼻子中产生持久的抗体。“这对疫苗的要求非常高，”戈默曼博士说。 |
| Breakthrough infections are likely to be uncommon, but data is lacking. |
| 突破性感染可能并不常见，但缺乏数据。 |
| It’s unclear exactly how common breakthrough infections are; most estimates rely on figures predating the Delta variant’s rise in the United States. There is also too little testing in the country to get an accurate assessment. |
| 目前尚不清楚突破性感染的出现概率，大多数估算都依赖于德尔塔变异毒株在美国肆虐之前的数据。美国的检测也太少，无法获得准确的评估。 |
| “I think that if we started to test people just randomly on the street, we would find a lot more people who test positive,” said Dr. Abraar Karan, an infectious diseases fellow at Stanford. |
| 斯坦福大学传染病研究员阿布拉尔·卡兰(Abraar Karan)博士说：“我认为，如果我们开始在街上随机对人们进行检测，我们会发现更多阳性结果。” |
| Some experts believe breakthrough infections are likelier after exposure to the Delta variant than to prior forms of the virus. Even when more recent data becomes available, however, it still is likely to show that a vast majority of hospitalizations and deaths from Covid-19 occur in unvaccinated people. |
| 一些专家认为，与先前的病毒形式相比，接触德尔塔病毒变种后更有可能出现突破性感染。然而，即使有了更多的最新数据，仍有可能显示，绝大多数因新冠病毒住院和死亡的患者都是未接种疫苗的人。 |
| “Epidemiologically and clinically, I’ve still not seen really any severe cases among fully vaccinated people who are immunocompetent,” Dr. Karan said. “The pattern that I’m seeing is still primarily unvaccinated who are making it to the I.C.U.” |
| “从流行病学和临床角度来看，我仍然没有看到完全接种过疫苗的人当中真正出现任何重症病例，他们是有免疫能力的。”卡兰博士说，“我看到的模式仍然主要是未接种疫苗的人正在进入重症监护室。” |
| The C.D.C. reports that as of Aug. 2, more than 7,500 people with breakthrough infections had been hospitalized or had died. And a New York Times analysis of data from 40 states shows that fully immunized people accounted for less than 5 percent of hospitalizations and very few deaths from Covid-19. |
| CDC报告称，截至8月2日，已有超过7500名突破性感染者住院或死亡。《纽约时报》对40个州的数据进行的分析显示，完全免疫的人占住院人数的5%以下，很少有人死于Covid-19。 |
| The real danger from breakthrough infections is to the unvaccinated. |
| 突破性感染的真正危险在于未接种疫苗的人。 |
| Breakthrough infections are unlikely to pose a serious health threat to most people who are fully immunized. The risk is greater for people around them who are unprotected — either because they are unvaccinated, or because their immune defenses are weakened by age or certain medical conditions. |
| 突破性感染不太可能对大多数完全免疫的人构成严重的健康威胁。对于他们周围那些没有采取保护措施的人来说，风险更大——要么是因为他们没有接种疫苗，要么是因为他们的免疫防御能力因年龄或某些医疗条件而减弱。 |
| Vaccinated people are certainly less likely than the unvaccinated to become infected. But on those occasions, vaccinated people can carry as much virus in their nose and throat as unvaccinated people, according to new data from the C.D.C. |
| 接种疫苗者肯定比未接种者更不可能被感染。但根据CDC的新数据，在那些情况下，已接种者的鼻子和喉咙里携带的病毒可能与未接种者的一样多。 |
| The virus should not last very long, because antibodies and immune cells will quickly rally to suppress it. But infected people can transmit the virus to others very early, even before they feel symptoms. |
| 这些病毒不会持续很长时间，因为抗体和免疫细胞会迅速集结起来抑制它。但是被感染的人可以很早就将病毒传染给其他人，甚至在感觉到症状之前。 |
| So breakthrough infections could contribute to viral spread in a community, if less often and for a shorter period of time than infections in unvaccinated people. It’s just one more way for the virus to find unvaccinated people. |
| 因此，突破性感染可能有助于病毒在社区内传播，但接种者比未接种者受感染的频率低、时间短。这是病毒找到未接种疫苗人群的又一种方法。 |
| In some rare cases, breakthrough infections may lead to persistent symptoms. |
| 在一些罕见病例中，突破性感染可能导致持续症状。 |
| “Long Covid” is a poorly understood set of symptoms that can plague people for several months after an active infection has ended. While those symptoms eventually resolve in many patients, “there are this subset of people who have long Covid who just aren’t able to recover at all,” said Akiko Iwasaki, an immunologist at Yale University. |
| “长期新冠”是一种人们知之甚少的症状，在活动性感染结束后，可能还会困扰人们几个月。虽然这些症状在许多患者身上最终消失，但耶鲁大学免疫学家岩崎明子(Akiko Iwasaki)说，“有一部分人长期感染新冠病毒，根本无法康复。” |
| Only a couple of small studies have investigated how common or severe long Covid may be after breakthrough infections. It is likely to be rare, some experts say, because breakthrough infections are uncommon to begin with and shorter in duration. |
| 只有几项小型研究调查了突破性感染后遭遇长期新冠的常见程度或严重程度。一些专家说，这种情况很可能很罕见，因为突破性感染一开始就不常见，持续时间也较短。 |
| In one study in Israel, about seven of 36 people with breakthrough infections had persistent symptoms for more than six weeks. And in a survey of Covid-19 survivors, 24 of 44 people with a symptomatic breakthrough infection reported lingering problems. |
| 在以色列的一项研究中，36名突破性感染患者中约有7人的症状持续了6周以上。在一项对新冠感染生存者的调查中，44名有症状的突破性感染患者中，有24人报告了一直延续下来的问题。 |
| “We really need a wider national or even international survey,” Dr. Iwasaki said. |
| “我们真的需要更广泛的全国性甚至国际性调查，”岩崎说。 |
| Breakthrough infections may offer an unexpected advantage. |
| 突破性感染可能会带来一个意想不到的好处。 |
| If you get through a breakthrough infection relatively unscathed, you are likely to walk away with more robust protection against variants. The infection essentially acts as a booster shot, researchers say, strengthening your immune system’s ability to recognize and fight the virus. |
| 如果你能相对无损地度过一次突破性感染，就有可能获得对变种的更强大保护。研究人员说，这种感染基本上起到了一种强化剂的作用，增强了你的免疫系统识别和抗击病毒的能力。 |
| Studies have shown that when people who recover from Covid-19 receive even one dose of a vaccine, their antibody levels skyrocket. “I expect similar things would happen when you have a breakthrough infection,” Dr. Iwasaki said. |
| 研究表明，从新冠肺炎中康复的人哪怕只接受一剂疫苗，抗体水平就会飙升。“我预计，当你出现突破性感染时，也会发生类似的事情，”岩崎博士说。 |
| The vaccines train the immune system to recognize a piece of the original virus, a strategy that may leave us vulnerable to future variants. But every exposure broadens the repertoire of immunity, Dr. Mina said. |
| 疫苗训练免疫系统识别原始病毒的一部分，这种策略可能使我们容易受到未来变种的影响。但米纳说，每次接触都能扩大免疫系统。 |
| Eventually, through booster shots or through repeated infections, our bodies will gain an education in the virus sufficient to counter versions with new mutations, he said, adding, “But we’re not there yet.” |
| 他说，最终，通过加强注射或反复感染，我们的身体将获得对病毒的足够知识，以对抗具有新变异的版本，“但我们还没有做到，”他补充道。 |
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