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| BEIJING — After a year of leading the global economy out of the pandemic slump, China’s growth is now starting to level off, as the world tries to digest whether the country’s recovery will continue or peter out. |
| The signs are mixed, with consumers and companies showing signs of both weakness and strength. The rising cost of raw materials is eating into the profits of factories and retailers, while exports remain strong. People are shopping more, but small businesses are suffering. And the ongoing uncertainty of the pandemic weighs over it all. |
| “It is unclear whether such a strong rebound in China and around the world can sustain itself in 2022,” said Zhu Ning, deputy dean of the Shanghai Advanced Institute of Finance. |
| China reported on Thursday that its economy grew 7.9 percent from April through June, compared to the same period last year, falling short of estimates. Although that pace is still stronger than many other countries, it is markedly slower than the 18.3 percent leap the economy made in the first three months of the year as it bounced back from lockdowns a year earlier. |
| Economists cautioned that China’s actual economy is not quite as strong as the numbers released on Thursday might suggest. Inflation means that some of the statistics, like retail sales in June, overstate what is actually happening. Rising prices also mean that the Chinese economy’s performance in the spring might not be sustainable. |
| China’s ultimate trajectory will be closely watched by the world. If China’s economy further slows, it could drag down the rest of the global economy. Many countries now depend on Chinese factories and consumers. If China continues to chug along, it could portend a sustained recovery for the United States and other nations now bouncing back from their pandemic lows. |
| The Chinese government has sent a series of recent signals that economic growth might be in trouble. Premier Li Keqiang has held three high-profile meetings just in the past week on the economy’s health and issued statements after each of them, ordering a blizzard of measures to sustain growth. |
| The most important of these measures was a policy shift by the central bank. China’s central bank moved to help small businesses get loans; starting on Thursday commercial banks can keep somewhat smaller cash reserves. In theory, that frees the banks to lend more, which could stimulate business investments and consumer spending. |
| But looming over the country’s economy is an accumulated mountain of corporate and household debt. Beijing has begun tolerating some bond defaults, and has hinted lately at the possibility that it might not help some state-owned enterprises pay their debts in full. |
| China Beige Book, a quarterly survey of businesses across China, has found in recent weeks that many borrowers, especially retailers, have become cautious about taking out loans. Companies fear that they might not be able to repay additional loans. |
| The latest data may signal the limits of China’s post-pandemic recovery. |
| “China had a very fast pace of recovery over the past year — it’s going to be hard to maintain that pace,” said David Malpass, the president of the World Bank, during a news conference right before the latest data was released. |
| Barclays Bank said in a research note that China seems to have settled into a new annual growth range of 5 to 5.5 percent. While considerably better than the growth in most Western countries, it is slower than the 6 to 6.5 percent growth China saw before the pandemic. |
| “At home, the economic recovery is unbalanced,” said Liu Aihua, the spokeswoman of China’s National Bureau of Statistics. “More efforts are needed to consolidate the foundation for the steady recovery of development.” |
| Some of the problems Chinese businesses face are common across the world. Globally, commodities like iron ore, copper and oil have become more expensive over the past year, as have industrial materials like steel. |
| For Song Liyun, a seller of stoves and range hoods in Jinan, an eastern Chinese city, the rise in global steel costs has meant a 30 to 40 percent jump in wholesale prices, much of which she has had to absorb. “The cost of materials has been rising, but the price we offer to customers can barely increase,” she said. |
| The survival of small businesses now has an even greater bearing on how China can weather the pandemic and keep people employed. More than 100 million people work in retail and wholesale companies. |
| Retail sales were up 12.1 percent in June from a year earlier, according to China’s National Bureau of Statistics. Most economists had expected retail sales to be weak that month. Car sales had fallen sharply, and new Covid-19 outbreaks in Guangdong had triggered lockdowns of large neighborhoods and restrictions on social gatherings and travel. Ms. Liu, the statistics bureau spokeswoman, said a surge in online spending helped retail sales, as Chinese consumers stocked up on home electronics. |
| But the increase in retail sales could also have been the result of rising prices, which can make economic activity look substantial even when it may not be growing much. The broadest measure of prices in the Chinese economy surged 5.3 percent in April through June compared to the same period last year, according to calculations by CEIC Data, an economic data provider. It was the biggest jump in almost a decade, powered by higher global prices for raw materials. |
| Retail sales would also have been hit by a slowdown in tourism and other service industries in recent weeks. |
| Passenger rail travel, including the bullet trains that are now China’s dominant form of intercity travel, plunged 19.9 percent in June compared to the same month in 2019, before the pandemic. By contrast, passenger rail traffic had only been down 4.5 percent in May from two years earlier. |
| The domestic travel sector’s weakness is visible in Qufu, the hometown of Confucius, 100 miles south of Jinan. Few tourists walked the streets on Sunday and Monday, and many stores were empty. |
| Business owners in the town said that they had only half as many tourists as before the pandemic. |
| “It’s not easy for anyone now,” said Xiao Weijun, the owner of a cheap eatery near the temple where Confucius’ house stood 2,500 years ago. “I feel that our lives won’t be able to recover in the next year or two.” |
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