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| One returning pilot lost control of an aircraft during landing and skidded off the runway into a ditch. Another just returning from furlough forgot to activate a critical anti-icing system designed to prevent hazards in cold weather. Several others flew at the wrong altitudes, which they attributed to distractions and lapses in communication. |
| 一名返航的飞行员在着陆时失去对飞机的控制，滑出跑道，冲进了一条沟里。另一位刚休假中归来的飞行员忘记启动重要的防结冰系统，它是为防止寒冷天气中发生危险而设计的。还有几架飞机在错误的高度飞行，飞行员将其归咎于分心和沟通失误。 |
| In all of these incidents, which were recorded on NASA’s Aviation Safety Reporting System, a database of commercial aviation mistakes that are anonymously reported by pilots and other airline crew, the pilots involved blamed their mistakes on the same thing: a lack of practice flying during the pandemic. |
| 所有这些事件都记录在美国航空航天局(NASA)的航空安全报告系统(Aviation Safety Reporting System)中，这是一个由飞行员和其他机组人员匿名报告的商业航空错误数据库。在所有这些事件中，飞行员都将自己的错误归咎于同一件事：疫情期间缺乏飞行训练。 |
| “It’s not quite like riding a bike,” said Joe Townshend, a former pilot for Titan Airways, a British charter airline, who was laid off when the pandemic hit in March last year. |
| “这跟骑自行车不太一样，”曾在英国包机航空公司泰坦航空(Titan Airways)担任飞行员的乔·汤森德(Joe Townshend)说。去年3月疫情爆发时，他被解雇了。 |
| “You can probably go 10 years without flying a plane and still get it off the ground, but what fades is the operational side of things,” he said. “There is a multitude of information being thrown at you in a real working environment, and the only way to stay sharp and constant is to keep doing it.” |
| “你可能十年不开飞机也能让飞机飞起来，但在实际操作方面是会退化的，”他说。“在真实的工作环境中，会有大量的信息抛向你，要想保持敏锐和稳定，唯一方法就是长期做这件事。” |
| In 2020, global air passenger traffic saw the largest year-on-year decline in aviation history, falling by 65.9 percent compared to 2019, according to the International Air Transport Association. Flights were grounded, schedules reduced and thousands of pilots were either laid off or put on furlough for extended periods of up to 12 months. |
| 根据国际航空运输协会(International Air Transport Association)的数据，2020年，全球航空客运量出现了航空史上最大的同比下降，与2019年相比下降了65.9%。航班停飞、班次减少、数以千计的飞行员要么被解雇，要么长期休假，最长的达到12个月。 |
| Now, as vaccination programs pick up speed across some parts of the world and travel starts to rebound, airlines are beginning to reactivate their fleets and are summoning pilots back as they prepare to boost their schedules for the summer. But returning pilots can’t just pick up where they left off. They must undergo rigorous training programs that involve classes, exams and simulator sessions, which are determined by proficiency levels and the length of time since they have flown. |
| 现在，随着疫苗接种项目在世界一些地区加速推进，旅行开始反弹，航空公司开始重新启用飞机，并召回飞行员，准备增加夏季的飞行计划。但回归的飞行员不能马上回到原先的岗位。他们必须接受严格的培训计划，包括课程、考试和模拟器训练，内容由他们的熟练程度和飞行时间长短决定。 |
| The process of retraining a large volume of pilots, who have been idle for different periods of time over the past year is complex and challenging. There is no “one size fits all” training model aviation experts say. Typically, pilots receive variations of training based on how long they have been idle. In simulator sessions they will be required to perform different types of landings and takeoffs, including those in adverse weather conditions, and practice for emergency events. Airlines are also adding additional layers to their traditional training programs and requiring some pilots to go back to ground school to help them get back into the aviation mind-set. |
| 过去一年，大量飞行员处于持续时间不等的空闲状态，对他们进行再培训的过程复杂而困难。航空专家表示，没有“一刀切”的训练模式。通常情况下，飞行员会根据他们空闲的时间长短接受不同的训练。在模拟器课程中，他们将被要求执行不同类型的着陆和起飞，包括在恶劣天气条件下的着陆和起飞，并为紧急事件进行练习。航空公司还在传统培训项目上增加了额外内容，并要求一些飞行员回到地面学校，帮助他们恢复航空思维。 |
| “There’s certainly an aspect of rustiness that comes with not flying regularly,” said Hassan Shahidi, the president of the Flight Safety Foundation, an independent organization specializing in aviation safety. “As travel recovers and demand increases, we must make sure that our pilots feel fully comfortable and confident when they get back into the cockpit.” |
| “不经常飞肯定会导致生疏，”专注于航空安全的独立组织飞行安全基金会(Flight Safety Foundation)的主席哈桑·沙希迪(Hassan Shahidi)说。“随着旅行的恢复和需求的增长，我们必须确保飞行员在回到驾驶舱时感到完全得心应手和自信。” |
| The same considerations apply to pilots who have continued to fly throughout the pandemic on reduced schedules, Mr. Shahidi added. |
| 他还说，同样的考量也适用于那些在疫情期间虽然一直在飞，但飞行时间缩减的飞行员。 |
| “Before the pandemic these pilots were practicing the same procedures day in and day out flying over and over again. When you’re not flying as often your cognitive motor skills are degraded,” he said. |
| “在疫情之前，这些飞行员每天都在进行同样的程序。当你不经常飞的时候，你的认知动作技能就会退化，”他说。 |
| At Virgin Atlantic, the airline founded by the British billionaire Richard Branson, 400 pilots were laid off last year, but as international travel resumes the airline anticipates gradually bringing them back, starting with 50 currently waiting in a “holding pool.” |
| 由英国亿万富翁理查德·布兰森(Richard Branson)创办的维珍大西洋航空(Virgin Atlantic)去年裁掉了400名飞行员，但随着国际旅行业务的恢复，该航司预计将逐步把他们召回，目前有50名飞行员在“等待池”中等待。 |
| The returning pilots are sent a digital study pack to help them get back up to speed with technical and operational procedures and are required to pass exams based on that syllabus before starting the training program. |
| 这些回来的飞行员将收到一个数字学习包，帮助他们尽快恢复技术和操作程序，而且在开始培训计划之前，必须通过基于该教学大纲的考试。 |
| “We have added a lot of enhancements to our usual recurrent training and are covering a lot more ground to make sure we get them back up to where their knowledge sat before and to a level that we are happy with,” said Ken Gillespie, the head of training and standards at Virgin Atlantic. |
| 维珍航空的培训和标准主管肯·吉莱斯皮(Ken Gillespie)表示：“我们对常规的定期培训进行了很多改进，涵盖了更多的领域，以确保能让他们恢复到之前的知识水平，并达到让我们满意的程度。” |
| The exams are extensive and include tests on navigation, winter operations, security, loss of control prevention and recovery, dangerous goods, human factors and unfavorable conditions like volcanic ash scenarios. |
| 考试内容广泛，包括导航、冬季作业、安全、预防失控及改正、危险品、人为因素和火山灰等不利条件的测试。 |
| “We’ve also added more checks to our training, and no one will get through the final line check until we are happy that they are safe to operate and are fully up to speed again with the aircraft,” Mr. Gillespie said. |
| 吉莱斯皮说，“我们还在训练中增加了更多的核查，在我们满意他们能够安全操作、完全跟上飞机的速度之前，谁也别想通过最后的核查。” |
| One area where some of the pilots have struggled is keeping up to speed with communications, particularly with air traffic control in busy environments. |
| 对于一些飞行员来说，一个存在挑战的领域是跟上通讯速度，特别是在繁忙环境里跟空管的沟通。 |
| “On a real aircraft you may have 30 to 40 planes on the same frequency with one controller, so you have to keep your ears really tuned for your call sign and instructions to come out,” Mr. Gillespie explained. |
| “在一架真正的飞机上，你可能要跟三四十架飞机使用同一个飞行频率，跟同一个空管人员联系，所以你必须留意你的呼号和指令，”吉莱斯皮说。 |
| A pilot who anonymously reported an “altitude deviation” — meaning they flew at the wrong height — on NASA’s Aviation Safety Reporting System last year, said they’d misheard instructions for the initial climb after takeoff and blamed the error on being “rusty.” |
| 去年，一名飞行员在NASA航空安全报告系统匿名报告了一次“高度偏差”（意思是飞错了高度），此人表示，他们听错了起飞后初始爬升高度的指令，并将错误归咎于“业务生疏”。 |
| “Due to Covid-19 slowdown I had not flown in four weeks and my last flight was five weeks before that,” they wrote. “Clearly flight discipline suffered from lack of recent experience and teamwork.” |
| “由于新冠病毒导致航班减少，我已经四周没有飞行了，而且我的最后一次飞行是在那发生的五周前。”他们写道。“飞行专业性很明显受到了近期缺乏飞行经历和团队合作的影响。” |
| Some pilots said they also faced challenges because of changes to conditions and their environment caused by the pandemic. |
| 一些飞行员表示，大流行导致的条件和他们周围环境的改变也对他们构成了挑战。 |
| Asad ul Ghafoor Gaad, a captain for the private Pakistani airline, Airblue, said he felt stressed and apprehensive when he went back to work after three and a half months off because the virus was raging, and he had to worry about new health and safety protocols and the risks of contracting the virus in addition to all the procedures required to fly a plane. |
| 巴基斯坦私营航空公司蓝色航空(Airblue)的机长阿萨德·加富尔·加德(Asad ul Ghafoor Gaad)说，由于病毒肆虐，他在三个半月未工作后重返工作岗位时感到压力和忧虑，除了担心驾驶飞机所需的所有程序外，他还不得不担心新的健康和安全规范以及感染病毒的风险。 |
| “It was difficult to sit in the cockpit on the first day back and feel at home,” Mr. Gaad recalled. |
| 加德回忆说：“第一天坐回驾驶舱，很难感到舒适自在。” |
| On his first flight — on an almost empty Airbus 320 — as the plane started to accelerate for takeoff, Mr. Gaad was surprised by how quickly it picked up speed. He had been used to flying the same aircraft full of passengers and had not covered how the weight differential might affect a flight. |
| 他回来后飞行的第一个航班是一架几乎空无一人的空客320，当飞机开始加速起飞时，加德对飞机加速之快感到惊讶。同一个机型，他已经习惯于满载乘客的飞机，不曾意识到重量的差异可能对飞行产生的影响。 |
| “The speed surprised me for one or two seconds, and my heart raced,” Mr. Gaad said. “The buildup of speed, the buildup of altitude, the speed that you need to control during landing and other phases, it’s entirely different from what you’re used to, but then after one or two flights you get used to it.” |
| “这种速度让我惊讶了一两秒钟，我的心跳加快了，”加德说。“速度的升高、海拔的升高、在着陆及其他阶段需要控制的速度，这些与你平时习惯的完全不同，但是经过一两次飞行之后，你就习惯了。” |
| Another new reality for pilots flying during the pandemic: preparing to operate planes that have been parked for extended periods of time. The European Union Aviation Safety Agency, or EASA, responsible for civil aviation safety in the European Union, has issued guidelines for identifying hazards like worn out aircraft parking brakes or wildlife nesting in the aircraft engine. |
| 大流行期间飞行员面对的另一个新现实是：做好用经过长时间停放的飞机执行任务的准备。负责欧盟民航安全的欧盟航空安全局（European Union Aviation Safety Agency，简称EASA）已发布准则用于识别危险，例如飞机停刹制动器磨损或飞机发动机中的野生动物筑巢。 |
| “Airlines must factor in that pilots may need longer than normal to perform the necessary preflight checks on an aircraft returning to service,” said Patrick Ky, the executive director of the agency. “A holistic approach is key.” |
| “航空公司必须考虑到，飞行员对重新投入使用的飞机执行必要的飞行前检查可能需要比平常更长的时间，”该机构执行董事帕特里克·凯(Patrick Ky)表示。“综合方法是关键。” |
| Despite the challenges, many pilots feel relieved to be back at work. |
| 尽管面临挑战，许多飞行员对能够重返工作感到如释重负。 |
| “At the beginning there was a lot of worry about the risks of Covid, but now that vaccinations are underway everyone who has been recalled is so happy,” said Sourav Basu Roy Choudhury, a pilot for an American airline, which he did not want to identify because he was not permitted to speak to the news media. |
| “起初，人们非常担心新冠病毒的风险，但是现在疫苗接种正在展开，每个被召回的人都非常高兴，”一家美国航空公司的飞行员苏拉夫·巴苏·罗伊·乔杜里(Sourav Basu Roy Choudhury)说。由于未得到接受采访的授权，他拒绝透露航司的名称。 |
| “We love the air, the view, the aircrafts and it’s so much more about those feelings than the money, although in this pandemic you realize that the money is also important,” Mr. Choudhury said. “Everyone is making a big effort with training because they just want to get back.” |
| “我们热爱天空、视野、飞机，对这些的感觉远比金钱更重要。尽管在大流行中，你意识到金钱也很重要，”乔杜里说。“每个人都在努力训练，因为他们只想回来。” |
| Some pilots spent the past year working in warehouses or as delivery drivers just so they could provide for their families; others have not worked at all. |
| 一些飞行员在过去的一年中在仓库工作或做送货员来养家，有的人根本没有工作。 |
| “I felt completely useless and didn’t understand how I could work and train so hard to become a captain, only to find myself at the bottom of the ladder again,” said a former British Airways pilot who asked not to be identified by name because he did not want to jeopardize his chances of being rehired. |
| 一位前英国航空公司(British Airways)飞行员说：“我感到自己毫无用处，我不明白，为了成为机长，我如此努力地工作和训练，最后却发现自己又回到了社会底层。”他要求匿名，因为他不想破坏他被重新雇用的机会。 |
| “Packing up boxes in a dark warehouse all day I got really depressed and I’ve never felt that way before. I’ve never not wanted to get out of bed in the morning,” he continued. “I miss flying so much, there’s nothing like it and I’m worried that the longer I’m out of practice, the harder it will be to get a job again. Sometimes you wonder, is this it? Am I done for good?” |
| “整天在黑暗的仓库里收拾箱子，我真的很抑郁，我以前从未有过这种感觉。我从未有过早上不想起床的想法，”他继续说道。“我非常想念飞行，没有什么比这更好的了，我担心我失去训练的时间越长，就越难找到工作。有时你会想，到此为止了吗？这辈子就这样了吗？” |
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