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| Hospitals all over China have almost everything necessary for a mass coronavirus vaccination drive: Millions of doses. Refrigerators to store them. Health care workers trained to administer them. |
| 中国各地的医院几乎具备大规模新冠疫苗接种行动所需的一切条件：数以百万计的疫苗。可以储存疫苗的冷柜。受过接种培训的医务工作者。 |
| Everything, that is, except much proof that their vaccines work. |
| 也就是说，除了大量证明其疫苗有效的证据之外，什么都不缺。 |
| Unlike their Western competitors, the Chinese companies have not disclosed data from late-stage clinical trials that would show whether their vaccines are effective, just one, the state-owned Sinopharm, has released findings, which it did on Wednesday. Regulators in China have not officially approved any of them. |
| 与西方竞争对手不同，中国企业没有披露其疫苗是否有效的后期临床试验数据，只有一款疫苗例外。国有的国药集团周三公布了研究成果。中国监管机构还没有正式批准这些疫苗。 |
| That has not deterred local governments across the country, which have begun an ambitious vaccination campaign. The goal is to inoculate 50 million people — roughly the population of Colombia — by the middle of February, before the Lunar New Year holiday, when hundreds of millions of people are expected to travel. |
| 但这并没有阻止全国各地方政府，他们已经开始了一场雄心勃勃的疫苗接种行动。目标是在2月中旬，也就是春节假期之前为5000万人——约等于哥伦比亚的人口——接种疫苗，届时预计将有数亿人出行。 |
| China, where the virus first emerged a year ago, is going to great — and scientifically unorthodox — lengths to prevent a resurgence of the outbreak. While Beijing has not officially announced the vaccine target, the government has signaled the rollout will be managed in much the same way as the outbreak, through a top-down approach that can mobilize thousands of workers to produce, ship and administer the shots. Local officials were told that the drive was a “political mission.” |
| 作为一年前病毒首次出现的地方，中国正在竭尽全力——并以科学上非正统的方式——防止疫情再度暴发。虽然北京还没有正式宣布疫苗接种目标，但政府已经表示，将以同防控疫情大致相同的方式管理疫苗的分发，自上而下地动员成千上万的工人进行生产、运输和管理。地方官员被告知，此行动是一项“政治任务”。 |
| The campaign will focus on what China calls “key priority groups,” including doctors, hotel employees, border inspection personnel, food storage and transportation workers, as well as travelers. Irene Zhang, a 24-year-old student, got a vaccine on Dec. 22 in the city of Hangzhou ahead of going to Britain next month for graduate school. |
| 这项行动将主要关注中国所称的“重点优先人群”，包括医生、酒店员工、边防检查人员、食品储存和运输工人以及旅客。24岁的学生艾琳·张（Irene Zhang，音）于12月22日在杭州接种了疫苗，下个月她将去英国读研究生。 |
| “Because my situation is pretty urgent and all the students around me going abroad have taken it, I feel it’s relatively reliable,” Ms. Zhang said. |
| “但是因为我的情况比较急，还有就是我身边的留学生基本上都打了，我就感觉还是比较可靠的，”艾琳·张说。 |
| Even before this current campaign, more than one million people had lined up to get vaccinated, bewildering scientists who have warned that taking unproven vaccines poses potential health risks. Their efforts now, which are wider in scope, are being rolled out in a similarly ad hoc fashion. |
| 即便在这次行动之前，就已经有超过100万人在排队接种疫苗，这让科学家感到困惑，他们警告称，接种未证明有效的疫苗会带来潜在的健康风险。如今他们接种疫苗的努力正在以类似的特定方式展开，覆盖范围更广。 |
| In southern Guangdong Province, 180,000 people — mostly workers involved in food storage and transportation, quarantine facilities and border inspection — had been inoculated as of Dec. 22. In the eastern province of Zhejiang, 281,800 people had been vaccinated. In Wuhan, where the coronavirus was first detected, the government said it had designated 48 vaccination clinics for its emergency program, which started on Thursday. |
| 截至12月22日，南部省份广东已有18万人接种疫苗，其中大多数人都在食品储存和运输行业、检疫设施以及边境检查工作。在东部省份浙江，有28.18万人已经接种了疫苗。在首次发现疫情的武汉，政府表示已经为周四开始的紧急计划指定了48家疫苗门诊。 |
| The United States and Britain only started inoculations after reviewing and approving final-stage trial data that shows the efficacy of these vaccines. By contrast, China, which has five vaccines in Phase 3 trials, has provided little information before moving ahead with its campaign. |
| 美国和英国是在审查和批准此类后期试验数据之后，才开始接种疫苗的。相比之下，有五种疫苗正在进行三期试验的中国，在推进其接种行动前，没有提供多少这些试验的信息。 |
| Instead, Chinese officials have largely issued broad statements with few details, assuring the public that the vaccines are safe and effective. Three of the vaccines have been approved only for emergency use. Last month, Liu Jingzhen, the chairman of Sinopharm, which has two vaccines in late-stage trials, said that none of the roughly one million people vaccinated so far had any adverse reactions and that “only a few had mild symptoms.” |
| 相反，中国官员发表了细节很少的笼统声明，仅向公众保证疫苗安全有效。其中三种疫苗被批准仅用于紧急情况。国药集团已有两种疫苗处于后期试验阶段，上个月，其董事长刘敬桢说，到目前为止，接种疫苗的大约100万人没有出现任何不良反应，“只有个别的有一些轻微症状”。 |
| On Wednesday, Sinopharm said that one of its vaccine candidates, made by its Beijing Institute of Biological Products arm, had proved to be 79 percent effective in interim Phase 3 trials. Sinopharm said it had applied for Chinese regulatory approval for the vaccine to be used en masse. |
| 周三，国药集团表示其旗下北京生物制品研究所生产的一款候选疫苗的三期试验期中数据有效率达79%。国药集团表示已向中国监管方申请让该疫苗投入大规模使用。 |
| The data and approval are expected to come within weeks. While there have been promising signs, they have come with caveats. |
| 数据和批文预计将于几周内公布。虽然有令人鼓舞的信号，但也有一些警示。 |
| The United Arab Emirates and Bahrain said this month that a vaccine made by Sinopharm was effective, although they offered few details on how the conclusions were reached. Turkey said a vaccine made by Sinovac, a private Beijing-based vaccine maker, has an efficacy rate of 91.25 percent, a finding that was based on preliminary results from a small clinical trial. Officials in Brazil said the Sinovac vaccine had an efficacy rate of more than 50 percent but put off releasing detailed data. |
| 阿拉伯联合酋长国和巴林本月表示，国药集团生产的一种疫苗是有效的，尽管他们没有提供如何得出该结论的细节。土耳其声称，总部位于北京的私营疫苗生产商科兴的一种疫苗有效率为91.25%，此发现是基于一项小型临床试验的初步结果。巴西官员称科兴疫苗的有效率超过50%，但推迟了详细数据的公布。 |
| The scale and speed of the vaccination drive are the outgrowth of a centralized public health infrastructure in an authoritarian system. During the crisis, China showed how it can mobilize thousands of workers to reach millions of people; it tested 11 million people in Wuhan in 10 days. |
| 疫苗接种行动的这种规模和速度是威权体制下公共卫生基础设施集中化的结果。在危机期间，中国展示了它如何动员成千上万的工作人员为数以百万计的民众提供服务；它在10天内检测了武汉的1100万人口。 |
| Chinese vaccine makers have worked to ramp up their production, both for the country’s own needs and for global exports. The Chinese government has promised to produce 610 million doses by the end of the year and expects to make more than one billion doses next year. |
| 为了满足本国需求和全球出口，中国疫苗生产商一直在努力提高产量。中国政府承诺到年底生产出6.1亿剂疫苗，并预计在明年生产超过10亿剂。 |
| “When they say 50 million, they probably will do it,” said Jennifer Huang Bouey, a senior policy researcher at the RAND Corporation and an epidemiologist. “The question is how much it would cost and what is the effect.” |
| “他们说要给5000万人接种，他们就可能做到，”兰德公司(RAND Corporation)的高级政策研究员、流行病学家黄志环说。“问题在于要花多少钱，效果如何。” |
| The all-out effort has taken months of preparation. Since June, hospitals in Guangdong Province have started construction on vaccination clinics, equipped them with refrigerators and installed refrigerated storage systems. |
| 全力以赴的行动经历了数月的准备。自6月以来，广东省的医院就开始建设疫苗门诊，为其配备冷柜并安装冷冻储存系统。 |
| Sinopharm conducted drills this month. In the trial run, workers loaded boxes with the vaccines and ice packs, while company official tracked the vaccines’ temperature in real time during shipment. |
| 国药集团于本月进行了演习。在操作测试中，工作人员将放有疫苗和冰袋的箱子装车，公司管理人员在运输过程中实时监测疫苗的温度。 |
| China has some advantages in its rollout. Unlike the Pfizer vaccine, those made by Sinopharm and Sinovac are based on traditional methods that use inactivated or weakened forms of the virus, making them easier to store and distribute. |
| 中国在疫苗推广方面具有一些优势。与辉瑞(Pfizer)疫苗不同，国药集团和科兴生产的疫苗是基于传统方法，使用灭活或弱化形式的病毒，使它们更容易储存和分发。 |
| But the pitfalls are plenty, as the U.S. experience has shown. In the United States, just over two million people have received a Covid-19 vaccine, far short of the 20 million goal the government had set for this month. Hospitals had to prepare the frozen shots and find employees to staff the clinics. |
| 但正如美国的经验所显示的那样，问题也有很多。在美国，只有200多万人接种了新冠疫苗，远低于政府本月设定的2000万人目标。医院必须准备好冷冻疫苗，并为门诊找到足够的人手。 |
| As China has geared up, local officials have been surveying the number of people in the “key priority groups.” They had to “ensure there were no omissions,” according to a government document from Xinchang County in Zhejiang Province. |
| 在中国进行准备之际，地方官员一直在统计“重点优先人群”的数量。根据浙江省新昌县的一份政府文件，他们必须“确保没有遗漏”。 |
| Just two months ago, it appeared that demand could outstrip supply. The eastern city of Yiwu had offered 500 doses, which were used within hours. |
| 就在两个月前，疫苗似乎还是供不应求。东部城市义乌获得了500剂疫苗，在几小时内就用光了。 |
| Ms. Zhang, the student, said she had initially been hesitant to get a vaccine because everyone around her had told her to “wait and see.” Still, she tried to sign up in Yiwu but failed to secure a spot. |
| 学生艾琳·张说，她一开始很犹豫要不要接种疫苗，因为身边所有人都告诉她“等等看”。尽管如此，她还是尝试在义乌报名接种，但未能获得名额。 |
| Then, on Dec. 21, Ms. Zhang heard that Hangzhou was going to start its own vaccination drive. She took a high-speed train that night and signed a rental contract with her friend in the city since the local authorities required proof of residence. The next day, she paid $35 and got the shot from Sinovac. |
| 后来，在12月21日，艾琳·张听说杭州也将开始自己的疫苗接种行动。由于当地政府要求提供居住证明，她于当晚坐上高铁抵达，并与在该市的朋友签订了租房合约。第二天，她花了220元，接种了科兴的疫苗。 |
| At the hospital, four or five people were waiting to get the vaccine, according to Ms. Zhang. The process took one hour, which included registering, getting the shot and waiting for 30 minutes to see if there were any adverse reactions. |
| 艾琳·张说，在医院里，有四五个人在等着接种疫苗。接种过程花了一小时，包括登记、打针和等待30分钟，观察是否有任何不良反应。 |
| “Everything was very calm and orderly,” she said. Before she left, the doctor warned her: Don’t take a shower. Don’t stay up late. Don’t eat foods that could irritate your stomach. |
| 她说，“整体还是很有平稳、有秩序的。”离开之前，医生警告她：不要洗澡。不要熬夜。不要吃刺激肠胃的食物。 |
| The government has stressed that the vaccination drive is voluntary, and people will have to pay for the inoculations. Yanzhong Huang, a senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations and an expert on health care in China, noted that the two-dose regimen could cost about $70, putting it out of reach for the rural poor. |
| 政府强调称，疫苗接种行动是自愿的，人们必须为接种付费。美国外交关系委员会(Council on Foreign Relations)全球卫生问题高级研究员、中国卫生保健专家黄严忠指出，这种两剂疗法的费用大约为70美元，是农村贫困人口无法承受的。 |
| China could also have problems trying to persuade people to take the vaccine. Scientists warn that the lack of transparency could raise fears about taking a new vaccine, especially in an industry that has a history of quality scandals. |
| 中国在说服民众接种疫苗时也可能遇到困难。科学家警告称，缺乏透明度可能会引发人们对接种新疫苗的担忧，尤其是在一个有过质量丑闻历史的行业。 |
| Tao Lina, a vaccine expert and a former immunologist at the Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said he knew of several health care workers who had declined the shots. “In the minds of doctors, they feel that any drug that has not passed Phase 3 trials is unreliable,” Mr. Tao said. |
| 疫苗专家、前上海疾病预防控制中心免疫专家陶黎纳指出，他知道有一些医务工作者拒绝注射疫苗。“因为在医生的脑海里面，他觉得没有通过三期临床实验的药物是不可靠的，”陶黎纳说。 |
| Mr. Tao, who got a Sinopharm vaccine on Monday, said he felt confident that the vaccines were safe and effective, echoing officials’ comments that there have been no reports of serious, adverse reactions. But he added that the companies could do better in their messaging. |
| 陶黎纳在周一接种了国药集团的疫苗，他说相信疫苗是安全有效的，这呼应了官员们的评价，即目前还没有严重的不良反应报告。但他还说，企业可以在信息公开方面做得更好。 |
| “If you say that it’s safe, then you should show all kinds of evidence to show that it’s safe,” he said. |
| “你既然说它安全，那么你应该是用各种各样的证据去证明它的安全，”他说。 |
| Hminem Zhang, a 27-year-old sales employee in an internet company, said he wanted to get a vaccine because he traveled for work and feared a run on the shots if there was a resurgence of the virus. But he worries about the Chinese-made ones because “not many people have received it,” he said. |
| 27岁的赫米纳姆·张（Hminem Zhang，音）是一家互联网公司的销售员，他说自己想接种疫苗，因为他经常出差工作，担心如果病毒再次出现，打疫苗就排不上队了。但他也担心国产疫苗的效果，因为“因为毕竟目前还没有很多人打这个疫苗”，他说。 |
| “I want to wait another month or two for some official data to come out,” said Mr. Zhang, who is based in the southwestern municipality of Chongqing. “And then, if there is no news about any side effects, I will get a shot.” |
| “我现在还在观望，就是想再一两个月，等待一些官方数据出来，”赫米纳姆·张说，他在中国西南的直辖市重庆工作。“然后如果也没有新闻报道这个疫苗的副作用，我就会去打。” |
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