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| MADISON HEIGHTS, Mich. — When Vincent Chin, a Chinese American man who lived near Detroit, was beaten to death with a baseball bat after being pursued by two white autoworkers in 1982, it horrified and mobilized Asian Americans across ethnic and linguistic lines. |
| 密歇根州麦迪逊高地——1982年，住在底特律附近的华裔美国人陈果仁被两名白人汽车工人用棒球棍追打致死，此事让不同种族和语言背景的亚裔美国人都感到惊恐，并将他们动员了起来。 |
| Mr. Chin was killed at a time when the rise of Japanese carmakers and the collapse of Detroit’s auto industry had contributed to a rise in anti-Asian racism. But over time, his death began to fade from collective memory. |
| 陈果仁遇害之际，日本汽车制造商的崛起和底特律汽车工业的崩溃都助长了反亚裔种族主义的抬头。但随着时间推移，他的死亡逐渐从集体记忆中淡去了。 |
| Stephanie Chang, the first Asian American woman elected to the Michigan Legislature, does not recall hearing about the fatal beating of Mr. Chin until she was in high school. Rebeka Islam, who leads an Asian American voting organization in the Detroit area, was not aware of the case until a few years ago. Ian Shin, a University of Michigan historian who studies Asian Americans, said he did not know of Mr. Chin’s death until college. |
| 作为首位进入密歇根州议会的亚裔女性，张理直到上高中时才听说陈果仁被殴打致死的事情。在底特律地区领导一个亚裔投票组织的丽贝卡·伊斯拉姆直到几年前才知道这件事。密歇根大学研究亚裔课题的历史学家冼健义表示，在上大学以前，他都不知道陈果仁之死。 |
| Now, with the 40th anniversary of the killing approaching this month, at a time of an alarming surge in anti-Asian violence, a younger group of Asian Americans has sought to bring attention to the case, combining forces with some of those who led the initial fight to seek justice for Mr. Chin. At stake, they say, is not just the legacy of one man, but painful lessons about prejudice that have been made all the more urgent by the coronavirus pandemic, the breakdown in U.S.-China relations and the spate of anti-Asian hate crimes seen across the country over the past two years. |
| 如今，随着这起谋杀案40周年纪念日的临近，反亚裔暴力事件也出现惊人的激增，更年轻的一群亚裔美国人与当初为陈果仁讨公道的一些人联合起来，试图唤起人们对此案的关注。他们表示，现在这不仅仅事关陈果仁一案被人遗忘的问题，由于疫情、美中关系破裂以及过去两年全美各地反亚裔仇恨犯罪激增，偏见带来的惨痛教训需要刻不容缓的反思。 |
| “As bad as things were during the auto crisis, we didn’t have these mass assaults on Asians all over the country,” said James W. Shimoura, a lawyer who is a Detroit native and a Japanese American, and who volunteered on the Chin case in the 1980s. “It’s worse now. It’s absolutely worse now than it was 40 years ago.” |
| “虽然在汽车行业危机时期的情况已经很糟，但全国范围内并没有发生针对亚裔的大规模袭击事件，”底特律本地人、日裔律师詹姆斯·下浦(James W. Shimoura)表示，他在上世纪80年代自愿参加了陈果仁案的工作。“现在形势更糟了。绝对比40年前还要糟糕。” |
| Asian Americans have been living in increased fear of racism and physical violence since Covid-19 was first detected in China two and a half years ago. Early in the pandemic, President Donald J. Trump and others repeatedly used terms like “kung flu” and “Chinese virus” to describe the pathogen. That discourse, Asian American leaders said, emboldened some people to act out hatefully, echoing the climate at the time of Mr. Chin’s killing. |
| 自两年半前中国最早出现新冠疫情以来，亚裔美国人就一直生活在对种族主义和肢体暴力的恐惧之中。在疫情初期，特朗普总统等人反复使用诸如“功夫流感”和“中国病毒”等词汇来描述病毒。亚裔社群领袖均表示，这种措辞助长了一些人的仇恨行径，与陈果仁遇害时的氛围十分相似。 |
| “People see the parallels of scapegoating an ethnic group or an entire racial group for something that is clearly not actually due to that group, whether it was the struggling auto industry in the ’80s or the coronavirus now,” said Ms. Chang, a state senator from Detroit. |
| “不论是上世纪80年代苦苦挣扎的汽车业，还是现在的新冠疫情，大家都看到了将一个民族或整个种族当作替罪羊的相似之处，哪怕问题显然并不是那个群体造成的，”来自底特律的州参议员张理说道。 |
| Mr. Chin, who was 27, worked as a draftsman and part-time waiter and was about to get married. On the night he was killed, he had gone with friends to a strip club for his bachelor party. He got into an argument, and then a fight, with white patrons of the club. One dancer would say later that she overheard one of the attackers, using an obscenity, tell Mr. Chin that it was “because of you” that people like him were out of work. |
| 当年27岁的陈果仁是一名制图员，还兼职做服务生，原本即将结婚。在遇害当晚，他和朋友去了一家脱衣舞俱乐部举办单身派对。在俱乐部里，他与白人顾客发生了争执，随后双方打了起来。一名舞者后来说，她无意中听到其中一名袭击者用脏话对陈果仁说，“就是因为你”才导致他这样的人失业。 |
| The dispute seemed to have ended at the club. But the two white men, Ronald Ebens and Michael Nitz, tracked Mr. Chin to a McDonald’s a few blocks down Woodward Avenue. There, in front of a crowd that included off-duty police officers, Mr. Ebens bludgeoned Mr. Chin to death with a baseball bat. Mr. Ebens and Mr. Nitz later accepted plea deals on manslaughter charges in state court. They were each sentenced to probation and a roughly $3,000 fine, but no prison time. |
| 这场冲突似乎在俱乐部结束了。但两名白人男子罗纳德·埃本斯和迈克尔·尼茨跟踪陈果仁到了伍德沃德大道几个街区外的一家麦当劳。在那里，当着包括休班警察在内的一群人，埃本斯用棒球棍将陈果仁打死。埃本斯和尼茨后来在州法院接受了过失杀人指控的认罪协议。两人都被判缓刑，并被处以大约3000美元的罚款，但没有入狱。 |
| The lack of serious consequences infuriated Asian Americans, who held protests that drew national attention and successfully pushed for a federal civil rights prosecution. For Detroit’s Asian American community, which had a long history in the city but a relatively small population, it was one of the first times they wielded power across barriers of language and national origin. |
| 轻判激怒了亚裔美国人，他们举行了引发全国关注的抗议活动，并成功推动了联邦民权诉讼。底特律的亚裔美国人社区在该市历史悠久，但人口相对较少，这是他们第一次跨越语言和族群的障碍行使权力。 |
| “We saw it as a time when we were all feeling the stress of being scapegoated and targeted,” said Helen Zia, a Chinese American who had been laid off from a Chrysler plant in Detroit, and who became a leader of the protests pushing for a federal prosecution in the Chin case. She added: “The enemy was Japan, and Vincent was a Chinese American. It didn’t matter. It could have been — it could be — any Asian American.” |
| “在我们看来，那段时间我们都感到了成为替罪羊和目标的压力，”华裔美国人谢汉兰说。她曾被克莱斯勒在底特律的一家工厂解雇，后来成为抗议活动的领导者，推动联邦对陈果仁案的起诉。她还说：“敌人是日本，陈果仁是华裔美国人。这并不重要。这当时可能——现在也可能——发生在任何亚裔美国人身上。” |
| One federal jury found Mr. Ebens guilty of violating Mr. Chin’s civil rights, which could have led to a long prison term, but that verdict was tossed out on appeal. A jury in a second federal trial acquitted him, finding no proof of a racial motive for the killing. Both men insisted they were not motivated by racial hate. |
| 一个联邦陪审团认为，埃本斯侵犯了陈果仁的公民权利，这可能会导致长期监禁，但该判决在上诉中被推翻。在第二轮联邦审判中，陪审团认为没有发现因种族动机杀人的证据，宣布他无罪。两人都坚称其动机不是种族仇恨。 |
| Mr. Ebens did not respond to a request for comment; attempts to reach Mr. Nitz, who was acquitted on civil rights charges, were not successful. |
| 埃本斯没有回应置评请求；尼茨在民权指控中被判无罪，记者试图联系他，但没有成功。 |
| The killing and the legal process that followed traumatized a generation of Asian Americans in Michigan. At the Association of Chinese Americans’s community center in Madison Heights, a Detroit suburb, news clippings about the Chin case and photos from protests still hang from the wall. |
| 这起谋杀以及随后的法律程序给密歇根州的一代亚裔美国人造成了心理创伤。在底特律郊区麦迪逊高地的美华协会社区中心，关于陈果仁一案的新闻剪报和抗议活动的照片仍然挂在墙上。 |
| “Something so bad happened like that, the people will be scared,” said Kwong Tak Cheung, who immigrated to the Detroit area from China about 50 years ago, and who was at the community center playing traditional Cantonese music on a recent afternoon. |
| “发生这样糟糕的事情，人们会害怕，”大约50年前从中国移民到底特律地区的张光德（音）说。不久前的一个下午，他在社区中心弹奏传统的粤曲。 |
| Mr. Cheung said he had known Mr. Chin from a Chinese restaurant in another suburb where they both worked for several years. Mr. Cheung said his friend had been popular among customers and colleagues, known for his perpetual smile. Mr. Chin’s death, he said, had revealed that “in some American people, deep inside the mind is discrimination.” |
| 张光德说，他是在另一个郊区的一家中餐馆认识陈果仁的，他们都在那里工作了几年。张光德说，陈果仁在顾客和同事中很受欢迎，因为他总在微笑。他说，陈果仁的死表明，“在一些美国人的内心深处存在着歧视”。 |
| Unlike in some other cities, there is no one center of the Asian population in Metro Detroit. The city’s Chinatown was forced to relocate decades ago, and the one that replaced it has all but faded away. Today, little remains beyond a welcome sign, a restaurant and a boarded-up building with Chinese writing. |
| 与其他一些城市不同，在大底特律地区没有一个亚裔人口中心。这座城市的华埠在几十年前被迫搬迁，取而代之的那个华埠几乎已经消失。如今，除了一个欢迎标志、一家餐厅和一栋写着中文的木板建筑外，已经所剩无几。 |
| Ms. Chang, a Democrat, has sponsored a bill in the Michigan Senate that would require students to be taught about Asian American history, but it has yet to receive a committee hearing in the Republican-controlled chamber. |
| 民主党人张理在密歇根州参议院发起了一项法案，要求学生学习亚裔美国人的历史，但该法案尚未在共和党控制的参议院举行委员会听证会。 |
| Over the decades, most Detroiters of East Asian heritage scattered to the suburbs, while more recent arrivals from Bangladesh, Pakistan and India moved into the city and to Hamtramck, an enclave almost completely encircled by Detroit. About 10,000 Detroit residents identified themselves as Asian during the most recent census, less than 2 percent of the city’s population. The numbers are higher in the suburbs, including in Oakland County, where there are more than 100,000 people of Asian heritage, about 8 percent of all residents. |
| 过去的几十年里，大多数东亚裔的底特律人都搬到了郊区，而最近从孟加拉国、巴基斯坦和印度来的移民则搬进了底特律和几乎完全被底特律环绕的哈姆特拉克聚居地。在最近的人口普查中，约有1万底特律居民称自己是亚裔，不到该市人口的2%。郊区的这一数字更高，包括奥克兰县，那里有超过10万亚裔居民，约占所有居民的8%。 |
| “Asian Americans in Michigan have a very different experience than Asian Americans on the coasts,” said Jungsoo Ahn, a native of the Detroit suburbs who is Korean American, and who leads Rising Voices, a left-leaning organization that works to mobilize Asian voters in the state. “In other states, you’re able to create a sort of pan-Asian identity, whereas because of the sprawl and geography here, and the various waves of immigration, it’s been harder to form that.” |
| “密歇根州的亚裔美国人与沿海地区的亚裔美国人有着非常不同的经历，”居住在底特律郊区的韩裔美国人安正秀（音）说。他领导着一个致力于动员该州亚裔选民的左倾组织“发声”。“在其他州，你可以创造一种泛亚裔身份认同，在这里，由于无序扩张和地理环境，以及各种移民浪潮，要形成这种身份认同就比较困难了。” |
| There have not been high-profile cases of anti-Asian violence in the Detroit area during the pandemic. But leaders of the Chinese American community center said that many of the people they served before the pandemic have been reluctant to return for in-person activities because of anxiety about the virus and the racist attacks seen in other parts of the country. |
| 在疫情期间，底特律地区没有发生引人注目的反亚裔暴力事件。但华裔美国人社区中心的负责人表示，他们在疫情之前服务过的许多人都不愿意回来参加面对面的活动，因为他们对病毒和在美国其他地区看到的种族主义袭击感到焦虑。 |
| Data backs up those fears. A study by the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism found a 224 percent increase in anti-Asian hate crimes in 2021 in a sampling of large American cities. Attacks on spa workers in the Atlanta area, many of whom were Asian, shocked the country last year. And in New York City, the police made 58 arrests and recorded 131 bias incidents against Asians in 2021; high-profile attacks have continued this year. |
| 数据支持了这些担忧。仇恨和极端主义研究中心的一项研究发现，在美国大城市的一个抽样调查中，2021年，反亚裔仇恨犯罪增加了224%。去年，亚特兰大地区的水疗中心工作人员遭到袭击，其中许多人是亚裔，这震惊了全国。在纽约市，警方在2021年逮捕了58人，记录了131起针对亚裔的偏见事件；备受瞩目的袭击事件今年仍在继续。 |
| As those crimes unfolded, and as the anniversary of Mr. Chin’s death approached, Asian Americans in the region said they saw a need to remind younger Detroiters about the case and discuss the ways it remains relevant. A four-day series of events, including music performances and an interfaith ceremony, was set to begin Thursday with a filmmakers’ meeting and the screening of a documentary about an Asian American family in rural Michigan. |
| 随着这些犯罪活动的展开，以及陈果仁遇害纪念日的临近，该地区的亚裔美国人表示，他们认为有必要提醒底特律的年轻人注意这个案件，并讨论它与当下的关联。为期四天的一系列活动包括音乐表演和一个跨宗教仪式，周四的活动将以一个电影人研讨会开始，随后放映一部关于密歇根州农村一个亚裔美国家庭的纪录片。 |
| That is very different from some past anniversaries of Mr. Chin’s death. A core group of people always commemorated his death, but the events sometimes attracted limited interest even among other Asian Americans, said Shenlin Chen, a former leader of Detroit’s Association of Chinese Americans. |
| 这与过去的陈果仁遇害纪念日有很大不同。底特律美华协会前领导人陈深林（音）说，总会有一群核心人士纪念他的去世，但这些活动有时吸引的关注很有限，即便是在其他亚裔美国人当中。 |
| “Because of the pandemic, because of the Asian hate in the past two years — people are thinking we’re the virus and we bring the virus — people got more awareness,” said Ms. Chen, who emigrated from Taiwan. “They know what this is all about now. And they know it’s something where they need to care.” |
| “因为疫情，因为过去两年针对亚裔的仇恨——人们认为我们是病毒，我们带来了病毒——大家有了更多的认识，”从台湾移民过来的陈深林说。“大家现在知道这是怎么回事了。他们知道这是他们需要关心的事情。” |
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