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| For years China’s censors have relied on a trusted tool kit to control the country’s internet. They have deleted posts, suspended accounts, blocked keywords, and arrested the most outspoken. |
| 多年来，中国的审查机制有一套可靠的方法来控制该国的互联网。他们删帖、账号禁言、设置关键字，并逮捕最敢于发声的人。 |
| Now they are trying a new trick: displaying social media users’ locations beneath posts. |
| 现在他们又有了一招：在帖子下方显示社交媒体用户的地理位置。 |
| Authorities say the location tags, which are displayed automatically, will help unearth overseas disinformation campaigns intended to destabilize China. In practice, they have offered new fuel for pitched online battles that increasingly link Chinese citizens’ locations with their national loyalty. Chinese people posting from overseas, and even from provinces deemed insufficiently patriotic, are now easily targeted by nationalist influencers, whose fans harass them or report their accounts. |
| 位置标签将自动显示，当局表示，这有助于发现破坏稳定的海外虚假信息宣传。在现实中，一些网络论战越来越多地将中国公民所在位置与他们对国家的忠诚度联系起来，这一功能为这样的论战提供了新的燃料。从海外发帖的中国人，甚至从某些被认为不够爱国的省份发帖的中国人现在很容易成为民族主义网红的目标，这些网红的粉丝对这些发帖者进行骚扰，或举报他们的账户。 |
| The tags, based on a user’s Internet Protocol, or I.P., address that can reveal where a person is located, were first applied to posts that mentioned the Russian invasion of Ukraine, a topic authorities said was being manipulated with foreign propaganda. Now they are being expanded to most social media content, further chilling speech on a Chinese internet dominated by censorship and isolated from the world. |
| 这些标签基于互联网协议地址，即IP，可以显示用户所在的位置。它最初被用于提到俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的帖子上，当局称这个话题受到了外国宣传的操纵。现在，显示IP属地的做法扩展到大多数社交媒体内容，在一个由审查制度把持、与世界隔绝的中国互联网上，这起到进一步扼杀言论的作用。 |
| The move marks a new step in a decade-long push by Chinese officials to end anonymity online and exert a more perfect control over China’s digital town squares. |
| 为了结束网络匿名并对中国的网络议事空间施加更完全的控制，中国官员进行了长达十年的努力，此举标志着新的一步。 |
| In recent months, censors have struggled to control an upwelling of online anger over the harsh, and sometimes ham-handed, Covid-19 lockdowns that have paralyzed parts of China. The strategy is devised to push back against the complaints and ensure a more “uniform” online narrative, said Zhan Jiang, a retired professor of journalism and communications at Beijing Foreign Studies University. |
| 近几个月来，审查人员一直苦于难以控制人们在网上对新冠封锁令的愤怒，这些严厉、有时粗暴的封锁令使中国部分地区陷入瘫痪。北京外国语大学新闻与传播系退休教授展江表示，制定这个政策是为了打压不满，并确保网络舆论更加“千篇一律”。 |
| The public enforcers of the policy have been nationalist trolls, the patriotic accounts that at times dominate discourse on Chinese social media. |
| 该政策一直由民族主义喷子作为公共执行者，这些爱国账号有时会主导中国社交媒体的讨论。 |
| People writing from Shanghai, where bungled shutdowns have triggered food shortages, are called selfish. People criticizing the government from other coastal provinces near Taiwan and Hong Kong have been called separatists and scammers. |
| 在上海，人们因为封锁措施的混乱导致食品短缺，IP属地上海的发帖者被指责自私。来自台湾和香港附近沿海省份的人批评政府会被称为分裂分子和骗子。 |
| Those who appear to be getting online from abroad, even if they’re just using a virtual private network or VPN that cloaks their location in China, are treated as foreign agitators and spies. After being reported by the trolls, some accounts are deleted by the platforms for violating “community regulations.” |
| 那些看似在国外上网的人——也就是那些使用VPN隐藏在国内位置的人——会被视为外国煽动者和间谍。在喷子举报后，一些账号因违反“社区公约”而遭销号。 |
| Blau Wang, a Chinese student living in Germany, said she had held back from posting critical views since the changes, in part out of fear of being reported by trolls as a foreign spy and being banned by Weibo, a Twitter-like Chinese social media platform. |
| 住在德国的中国学生布劳·王（音）说，自从这些变化出现以来，她一直没敢发表批评意见，一定程度上是因为害怕被喷子举报为外国间谍，遭微博销号。 |
| “For a while, I didn’t post anything,” she said, adding, “The atmosphere is geared toward attacking foreign users.” |
| “有一段时间一条都不敢转，”她说，“现在风向就是会攻击海外。” |
| She feared backlash from accounts like Li Yi Bar, a popular nationalist group with more than one million followers that publicly listed dozens of users with foreign I.P. addresses it deemed to be critical. |
| 她担心来自“帝吧”这样的账户的强烈反击，这是一个拥有超过一百万粉丝、广受欢迎的民族主义群组，它公开列出了数十名拥有外国IP的用户，认为这些用户是批评者。 |
| Their users’ pages were plastered with insults from an army of trolls. Many of those who were attacked disabled comments, changed user names, or simply stopped posting. Few openly responded to the accusations, though one wrote that being an overseas student did not stop her from caring about China. |
| 这些用户的页面上贴满了来自水军的侮辱。许多受到攻击的人关掉了评论、更改用户名或干脆停止发帖。很少有人公开回应这些指控，不过有一名学生写道，身在海外并没有阻止她关心中国。 |
| “More people start to assume others’ motivation based on the cues from I.P. address,” said Fang Kecheng, a media professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. “It makes open dialogue more and more difficult.” |
| “更多人开始用IP地址这个线索来进行关于个人的动机推测，”香港中文大学媒体教授方可成说。“这就会让就事论事变得更难。” |
| Away from the online fights, many have expressed alarm at the policy shift. The strategy cuts through the pretense of privacy that can seem to prevail online in China, even though the government has spent years ensuring that it can know the identity of the real person behind any given anonymous account. |
| 除了网上的争吵，许多人还对政策的转变感到忧虑。这一策略打破了隐私的假象，这种假象似乎在中国的网络上盛行，尽管政府曾花了数年时间确保能够掌握所有匿名账户背后的真实身份。 |
| One hashtag calling for the feature to be revoked quickly accumulated 8,000 posts and was viewed more than 100 million times before it was censored in late April. A university student in Zhejiang province sued Weibo, the Chinese social platform, in March for leaking personal information without his consent when the platform automatically showed his location. Others have pointed out the hypocrisy of the practice, since celebrities, government accounts, and the chief executive of Weibo have all been exempted from the location tags. |
| 一个呼吁撤销该功能的标签下迅速积累了8000条帖子，在4月下旬被删除之前，其浏览量超过1亿次。今年3月，浙江一名大学生起诉微博，称其自动显示他的位置，未经他的同意泄露了个人信息。其他人则指出这种做法的虚伪性，因为名人、政府账户和微博首席执行官都不用显示位置。 |
| Despite the pushback, the authorities have signaled the changes are likely to last. An article in the state-run publication, China Comment, argued the location labels were necessary to “cut off the black hand manipulating the narratives behind the internet cable.” A draft regulation from the Cyberspace Administration of China, the country’s internet regulator, stipulates that user I.P. addresses must be displayed in a “prominent way.” |
| 尽管存在阻力，但当局已暗示，改革可能会持续下去。官方刊物《半月谈》上的一篇文章认为，有必要给这些地点贴上标签，以便“斩断在网线背后操弄舆论的黑手”。根据中国互联网监管机构国家互联网信息办公室的一份法规征求意见稿，用户的IP属地信息必须以“显著方式”予以展示。 |
| “If censorship is about dealing with the messages and those who send the messages, this mechanism is really working on the audience,” said Han Rongbin, a media and politics professor at the University of Georgia. |
| “如果审查是针对信息和发送信息的人，那么这种机制对受众确实是有效的，”佐治亚大学媒体和政治学教授韩荣斌表示。 |
| With the worsening relationship with United States and China and propaganda repeatedly blaming malign foreign forces for dissatisfaction in China, Mr. Han said the new policy could be quite effective at snuffing out complaints. |
| 韩荣斌说，随着美中关系恶化，加上宣传部门一再将国内不满情绪归咎于外国势力，新政策在消除抱怨方面可能相当有效。 |
| “People worrying about foreign interference is a tendency right now. That’s why it works better than censorship. People buy it,” he said. |
| “现在对外国干涉的担心是一种趋势。因此它比审查制度更有效。人们会买账，”他说。 |
| The vitriol can be overwhelming. One Chinese citizen, Mr. Li, who spoke on the condition that only his surname be used for privacy reasons, was targeted by trolls after his profile was linked to the United States, where he lived. Nationalist influencers accused him of working from overseas to “incite protest” in western China over a post that criticized the local government of handling a student’s sudden death. The accounts listed him and several others as examples of “spy infiltration.” A post to publicly shame them was liked 100,000 times before it was eventually censored. |
| 谩骂可能是压倒性的。中国公民李先生的IP属性显示在美国后，他成了网络喷子的攻击目标。民族主义网红指责他在海外“煽动”中国西部的抗议活动，因为他在一篇文章中批评当地政府对一名学生的突然死亡处理不当。这些账户将他和其他几个人列为“间谍渗透”的例子。一个公开羞辱他们的帖子在最终被删除之前被点赞10万次。出于隐私考虑，李先生要求只使用姓。 |
| Inundated by derogatory messages, he had to change his Weibo user name to stop harassers from tracing him. Even though he has used Weibo for more than 10 years, he is wary of the baseless attacks these days. “They want me to shut up, so I’ll shut up,” Mr. Li said. |
| 铺天盖地的辱骂信息之下，他不得不更改自己的微博用户名，阻止骚扰者的追踪。虽然他已经使用微博10多年了，但他对这些天来毫无根据的攻击充满警惕。“要我闭嘴，那我就闭嘴吧，”李先生说。 |
| In other cases, the targeting has been misguided. Elaine Wang, a college student in China, forgot to turn off the VPN she uses to get around China’s internet blocks when she posted about the dire circumstances migrant workers faced during the Shanghai lockdown. The software tricked Weibo’s detection mechanism into thinking she was posting from overseas. |
| 在另外一些情况下，攻击被误导了。中国大学生伊莱恩·王（音）在发布有关上海封城期间农民工的严峻境遇时忘记关掉VPN。该软件欺骗了微博的检测机制，使其认为她是在海外发布帖子。 |
| The vitriol flowed fast. She received hundreds of insulting messages and threats and was ultimately reported to the authorities. Even after regulators verified the authenticity of her post and her location, trolls continued to attack her. |
| 谩骂迅速涌来。她收到了数百条侮辱性的信息和威胁，最终被举报给当局。即使在监管机构证实了她帖子的真实性和她所在的位置之后，喷子们仍在继续攻击她。 |
| “I thought people would pay attention to those in need of help instead of my I.P. addresses, ” Ms. Wang said. |
| “我认为所有人的关注点应该会在事件本身，但没有想到有人会看IP，”伊莱恩·王说。 |
| Some attacks have cut the other way. Mr. Zhan, the retired professor in Beijing, noted that the regulations have occasionally backfired, showing how difficult it is to have “total control of online rhetoric.” |
| 有些攻击则适得其反。北京的退休教授展江指出，这些规定偶尔会产生事与愿违的效果，显示出“想完完全全控制网络舆论”是多么困难。 |
| He raised the example of Lian Yue, a nationalist writer known for his attacks on Chinese who have immigrated overseas. When location tags began appearing, Mr. Lian was revealed to be publishing content from Japan. Many branded him a hypocrite and jeeringly called him an “overseas patriot.” |
| 他举了连岳的例子。连岳是一位民族主义作家，以攻击移居海外的中国人而闻名。当位置标签开始出现时，连岳被曝出在日本发布内容。许多人称他伪君子，并嘲笑他是“离岸爱国者”。 |
| In an article titled “Why Am I in Japan?” Mr. Lian sought to set the record straight, saying he was there for a “medical purpose” and would return to China in a month. |
| 在一篇名为《我为什么在日本》的文章中，连岳试图澄清事实，他说自己去那里“拿的是医疗签证”，一个月后将返回中国。 |
| “I live as a Chinese man. After I die, I will be a Chinese ghost,” he wrote. |
| “我生是中国人，死是中国鬼，”他写道。 |
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