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| The proximate cause of the shortage was the shutdown of Abbott Laboratories’s formula factory in Sturgis, Michigan, and the company’s voluntary recall of powder-formula products made there, after FDA inspectors found a bacteria called Cronobacter inside the plant. (Months earlier, four infants who consumed formula from the factory had become ill with Cronobacter infections, and two had died, though Abbott says that the illnesses were not caused by consuming its products.) But the reason that shutdown was so consequential is that we’ve created a system in which almost all the formula consumed in the US is made by a small number of companies in a small number of factories; taking just one of them offline has massive ripple effects across the economy. Parents in Canada and Europe aren’t having any trouble finding baby formula. It’s only American parents who have been left scrambling.短缺的直接原因是雅培公司关闭了在密歇根州斯特吉斯的配方奶粉工厂，该公司在其工厂内发现阪崎肠杆菌后，主动召回该工厂生产的配方奶粉产品。（几个月前，四名食用该工厂配方奶粉的婴儿感染了阪崎肠杆菌，两名婴儿死亡，不过雅培表示，这些疾病并非由食用其产品引起的。）但停产的影响之所以如此之大，是因为美国消费的几乎所有配方奶粉都是由少数几家公司在少数几家工厂生产的；仅仅让其中一个关闭就对整个经济造成大规模连锁反应。加拿大和欧洲的父母都没有遇到婴儿配方奶粉缺货的问题。只有美国的父母在苦苦挣扎。 |
| That’s not because of a lack of demand for or interest in European baby formula; on the contrary, you can read myriad stories online about American parents going to great lengths to import formula made by companies like HiPP and Holle. Instead, there are no almost-legal imports from Europe because we have a tariff and regulatory system effectively designed to keep them out.这并不是因为美国人对欧洲婴儿配方奶粉缺乏需求或兴趣；相反，你可以在网上读到无数关于美国父母千方百计进口喜宝和泓乐等公司生产的配方奶粉的故事。但几乎无法从欧洲合法进口，因为美国有一个有效的关税和监管体系阻止其进入。 |
| To even get to that point, though, foreign-formula manufacturers have to satisfy not only the FDA’s nutritional requirements but also the agency’s surprisingly detailed labeling requirements. The FDA doesn’t officially approve infant formulas (the way it approves, say, drugs). But any product that doesn’t meet its rules—which include things like how ingredients should be listed on the label—can’t be sold in the US.然而，为了进入美国市场，外国配方奶粉制造商不仅必须满足美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）的营养要求，还必须满足其异常详细的标签要求。FDA并不正式批准婴儿配方奶粉（就像它批准药物那样）。但是，任何不符合其规定的产品（包括如何在标签上列出成分等）都不能在美国销售。 |
| The key here is that all these restrictions fit together to keep foreign producers out of the market. The economic incentives to go to all that trouble and expense are small because the tariffs and tariff-rate quotas limit their potential sales and profits. So they’ve understandably chosen not to enter the US market, leaving it to the big domestic players.这里的关键是，所有这些限制都是为了阻止外国厂商进入美国市场。由于关税和关税配额限制了外国品牌潜在的销售和利润，为此付出的精力和成本能够得到的经济回报很小。因此，可以理解他们选择不进入美国市场，把市场留给了美国大公司。 |
| In a broader sense, what the infant-formula crisis speaks to is the fact that setting up barriers that make it harder for Americans to buy stuff from the rest of the world—which is something Donald Trump did a lot of, and that Joe Biden has done little to roll back—makes the US economy more vulnerable, not less, to supply shocks. Free trade has become oddly unpopular in Washington, D.C. over the past six years. But the infant-formula market could use a lot more of it.从更广泛的意义上说，婴儿配方奶粉危机说明了这样一个事实：设置贸易障碍，使美国人更难从世界其他地方购买东西，这使得美国经济更容易受到供应冲击。为此唐纳德·特朗普“功不可没”，而乔·拜登对此几乎没有纠正。在过去六年中，自由贸易在华盛顿特区变得很不受欢迎。但婴儿配方奶粉市场可以有更多的自由贸易。 |
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