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| KARACHI, Pakistan — Shari Baluch was a 30-year-old mother of two children and a schoolteacher. Late last month, on a university campus in Karachi, Pakistan’s biggest city, she detonated a suicide bomb, killing herself and four others, including three Chinese teachers. | 巴基斯坦卡拉奇——30岁的莎里·俾路支是两个孩子的母亲，也是一名教师。上月底，在巴基斯坦最大城市卡拉奇的一所大学校园里，她引爆了一枚自杀式炸弹，炸死了自己和另外四人，其中包括三名中国教师。 |
| Releasing a photo of her wearing fatigues and flashing a victory sign, the Baluchistan Liberation Army claimed responsibility, extending a recent wave of deadly attacks by Baluch separatists. | 俾路支解放军发布了一张她身穿迷彩服并打出胜利手势的照片，声称对事件负责，延续了最近一波俾路支分离主义势力致命袭击的浪潮。 |
| Baluch separatism is just one of the forces threatening the nation’s already tenuous unity and stability, including violent insurgencies by the Islamic State affiliate known as ISIS-K and the resurgent Pakistani Taliban. | 俾路支分离主义是众多武装势力中的一支，除它之外，还有伊斯兰国附属组织“伊斯兰国呼罗珊”组织和死灰复燃的巴基斯坦塔利班发起的暴力叛乱，它们正在威胁巴基斯坦本就脆弱的统一与稳定。 |
| An ethnically fragmented nation of more than 200 million people, Pakistan has long suffered from lack of economic development, corruption and volatile politics. The nuclear-armed military and its feared intelligence service exert significant influence over governments, and in the past have overthrown them. | 巴基斯坦是一个人口超过2亿、存在分裂主义的多民族国家，长期以来一直饱受经济落后、腐败和政局动荡的困扰。拥有核武器的军队及其令人畏惧的情报部门对政府有很大影响，并且曾有推翻政府的历史。 |
| Baluchistan is a large, arid province in southwestern Pakistan, bordering Iran and Afghanistan. It has rich mineral resources and a long coastline, but only about 12 million people across an area roughly the size of Germany. Since Pakistan’s founding in 1947, it has faced five insurgencies in the region, the most recent and persistent one underway since 2003. | 俾路支是巴基斯坦西南部一个气候干旱的大省，与伊朗和阿富汗接壤。它拥有丰富的矿产资源和漫长的海岸线，但人口只有大约1200万，面积与德国相当。自巴基斯坦于1947年建国以来，该地区出现了五次叛乱，最近一次持续不断的叛乱始于2003年。 |
| Insurgent groups have fought repeatedly against political centralization and resource exploitation, in return facing heavy state repression and human rights abuses. | 叛乱团体多次起来反对中央集权和资源开采，反过来它们又面临国家的严厉镇压和人权侵犯行为。 |
| China’s Belt and Road Initiative is developing a Chinese-operated deepwater port in Gwadar, Baluchistan, and a transportation network linking Gwadar to China. Pakistan’s government views such foreign investment as vital, and is eager to strengthen ties with China as a counterweight to Pakistan’s archrival, India. | 中国的“一带一路”倡议正在俾路支省的瓜达尔市开发一个由中国运营的深水港，以及一个连接瓜达尔和中国的交通网络。巴基斯坦政府认为这种外国投资至关重要，并渴望加强与中国的关系，以制衡巴基斯坦的宿敌印度。 |
| But to the separatists, the development projects put Beijing squarely on the side of the exploiters and oppressors, so in recent years, many targets of insurgent violence have been Chinese. | 但是对于分离势力来说，这些发展项目直接让北京站在了剥削者和压迫者的一边，所以近年来，许多暴力事件针对的都是中国人。 |
| In 2018, B.L.A. militants killed four people in an attack on the Chinese consulate in Karachi, and the next year the group mounted an assault on the Pakistan Stock Exchange in Karachi, which is 40 percent owned by Chinese investors, killing three people. In both cases, the assailants were also killed. Last August, a B.L.A. suicide bomber killed two children in an attack on Chinese nationals in Gwadar. | 2018年，俾路支解放军武装分子在对中国驻卡拉奇领事馆的袭击中杀死了四人。翌年，该组织在卡拉奇袭击了中国人占股40%的巴基斯坦证券交易所，造成三人死亡。在这两起事件中，袭击者均身亡。去年8月，一名俾路支解放军自杀式炸弹袭击者在瓜达尔对中国公民发动袭击，造成两名儿童身亡。 |
| Ms. Baluch blew herself up last week near a van transporting Chinese language teachers for the Confucius Institute, a worldwide network of cultural centers financed by the Chinese government. The B.L.A. called the institute a “symbol of Chinese economic, cultural and political expansionism.” Chinese development work must stop, it threatened, “otherwise our future attacks will be even harsher.” | 上周，莎里·俾路支在一辆为孔子学院接送汉语教师的面包车附近引爆了身上的炸弹。孔子学院是一个由中国政府资助的全球文化中心网络。俾路支解放军称孔子学院是“中国经济、文化和政治扩张主义的象征”。它威胁说，中国的开发工作必须停止，“否则我们未来的攻击将更加严厉。” |
| Pakistan has long complained that Baluch separatists operated out of hide-outs in Afghanistan, while the former Afghan government often accused the Pakistani intelligence agency, the ISI, of aiding the Taliban. After the Chinese consulate attack in 2018, a suicide bomber killed the B.L.A. commander and several associates — not in Pakistan, but in Kandahar, Afghanistan. Afghan officials blamed the I.S.I. for that bombing. | 巴基斯坦长期以来一直谴责俾路支分离主义势力躲在阿富汗开展行动，而前阿富汗政府经常指责巴基斯坦三军情报局帮助塔利班。2018年中国领事馆袭击事件后，一名自杀式炸弹袭击者杀死了俾路支解放军指挥官和几名同伙——不是在巴基斯坦，而是在阿富汗坎大哈。阿富汗官员将爆炸事件归咎于三军情报局。 |
| By 2020, the Baluch insurgency had been greatly weakened by years of counterinsurgency operations, rifts among separatist groups, fatigue and government incentives for the militants to lay down their weapons. | 到2020年，由于多年的平叛行动、分离主义团体之间的分歧、反叛势力的疲态，以及政府对武装分子放下武器的激励措施，俾路支的叛乱活动已被大幅削弱。 |
| Pakistani officials hoped that the Taliban takeover last year would end Afghanistan’s use as a haven for Baluch insurgents. After the Gwadar attack, the Taliban detained and expelled a large number of families of separatists, according to Baluch insurgent groups. | 去年，阿富汗被塔利班接管，巴基斯坦官员希望这将使俾路支叛乱势力无法再把那里当作避风港。据俾路支叛乱组织称，在瓜达尔袭击后，塔利班拘留并驱逐了大量分离主义分子的家庭。 |
| But the intensity and frequency of attacks started rising sharply last year, demonstrating the militants’ growing sophistication and aggressiveness. The number of terrorist attacks in Baluchistan nearly doubled in 2021 compared to 2020, according to the Pak Institute of Peace Studies, an Islamabad-based think tank, and the pace has kept rising this year. Insurgents have started resorting to suicide attacks, and the April 26 bombing in Karachi showed a new willingness to use women as assailants. | 但袭击的强度和频率从去年开始急剧上升，这表明武装分子越来越老练，攻击性越来越强。总部位于伊斯兰堡的智库巴基斯坦和平研究所的数据显示，与2020年相比，2021年俾路支省发生的恐怖袭击事件几乎翻了一番，而且今年的速度还在加快。叛乱分子已开始诉诸自杀式袭击，从4月26日卡拉奇爆炸案中，可见其使用女性作为袭击者的新苗头。 |
| In February, B.L.A. militants staged twin assaults on two military posts in Baluchistan. Pakistan’s military said that 20 attackers and nine military personnel were killed. | 2月，俾路支解放军武装分子对该省的两个军事哨所发动袭击。巴基斯坦军方表示，有20名袭击者和九名军方人员丧生。 |
| Days earlier, an attack on another miltary post by a different group, the Baluch Liberation Front, killed 10 soldiers. | 数天前，另一个组织俾路支解放阵线也袭击了一个军事哨所，造成10名士兵死亡。 |
| The major separatist groups’ leadership has shifted in recent years from traditional tribal chieftains living in self-exile in Europe to more militant former student leaders. The groups have also formed an operational alliance to pool resources — one major reason the insurgency has intensified, security experts and officials said. | 近年来，主要分离主义组织的领导层不再是在欧洲自我流放的传统部落首领，而是更加激进的前学生领袖。安全专家和官员说，这些团体还组成了一个行动联盟，以便集中资源，这是叛乱活动加剧的一个主要原因。 |
| They also link the insurgency’s upswing to its recruitment of youth, mainly students. The heads of two separatist groups formerly led a banned student group, the Baluch Students Organization-Azad, which operates clandestinely and, according to law enforcement officials, is a major source of insurgents. As a student, Ms. Baluch, the suicide bomber, was associated with the group, according to her family. | 他们还认为，叛乱活动的增加与招募年轻人（主要是学生）有关。两个分离主义组织的头领曾领导过一个被禁的学生团体——俾路支学生组织阿扎德派。该组织秘密开展活动，据执法官员说，它是叛乱分子的主要源头。据自杀式炸弹袭击者俾路支女士的家人说，她在学生时代就与该组织有联系。 |
| “Exposure of Baluch students studying in the country’s prestigious universities, rising literacy and participation in ethnic politics are some major factors that have deepened awareness of socio-economic and political grievances among the youth,” said Muhammad Amir Rana, director of the Pak Institute of Peace Studies. | 巴基斯坦和平研究所主任穆罕默德·阿米尔·拉纳说：“俾路支学生进入该国名校学习、识字率的提高以及对民族政治的参与，是加剧年轻人对社会经济和政治不满的主要因素。” |
| In the town of Turbat, where Ms. Baluch taught science, a student claimed to have known at least five others who had joined the insurgency during the past two years. “They are mentally prepared to kill themselves for the cause,” said the student, who insisted on anonymity out of fear for his safety. | 在俾路支女士教授科学的图瓦特镇，一名学生声称至少认识五名在过去两年加入叛乱的人。“他们已经做好了为这项事业而自杀的心理准备，”出于安全考虑，该学生坚持匿名。 |
| Pakistan’s security agencies have cracked down on educated Baluch youth, forcibly “disappearing” suspected militants, sometimes for years, without trial, according to news reports, student advocates and human rights groups. | 据新闻报道，以及学生权益组织和人权组织的说法，巴基斯坦安全机构对受过教育的俾路支青年进行了镇压，强行让疑似武装分子“失踪”，有时甚至长达数年时间，而且不经审判。 |
| “These days, law enforcement agencies consider every university student from Baluchistan a potential militant,” said Faisal Nawaz, a student from Panjgur, in Baluchistan, who is studying at the University of Karachi. | “如今执法机构认为，俾路支省的每个大学生都是潜在的激进分子，”来自俾路支省潘杰古尔的学生费萨尔·纳瓦兹说，他正在卡拉奇大学就读。 |
| Separatist attacks have been concentrated in the sparsely populated Makran region of Baluchistan, where residents depend on illegal cross-border trade with Iran in fuel and other commodities. In a desert area that has few job opportunities, smuggling can be a matter of survival. But the official border crossings were closed in March 2021, making the trade harder and worsening the misery of the local population. | 分离主义势力的袭击主要集中在俾路支省人口稀少的马克兰地区，那里的居民依靠与伊朗的非法跨境贸易获取燃料和其他商品。在工作机会很少的沙漠地区，走私可以说事关生存问题。但官方边境口岸于2021年3月关闭，这使得贸易更加困难，加深了当地居民的苦难。 |
| “If the government set up industries for us, the youth would not be involved in dangerous business,” said Sakhi Dad, 28, who said he took up smuggling after graduating from a university and failing to find other work. | “如果政府为我们建立产业，年轻人就不会从事危险的生意，”28岁的萨基·达德说。他说自己大学毕业后找不到工作，于是开始走私。 |
| In November, a protest movement led by a Gwadar-based cleric, Maulana Hidayatur Rehman, mobilized thousands of people, calling on the government to address the plight of people in Makran. They demanded relaxation of border trade, easing of security checkpoints created to protect Chinese workers at the Gwadar port, and an end to illegal trawling that is devastating the livelihood of local fishermen. | 去年11月，瓜达尔港神职人员毛拉纳·西达雅图·拉赫曼领导了一场抗议运动，数以千计的参与者呼吁政府解决马克兰人民的困境。他们要求放松边境贸易，放松为保护瓜达尔港的中国工人而设立的安全检查站，并停止破坏当地渔民生计的非法拖网捕捞。 |
| The government has responded with vows to improve conditions. On April 23, the new prime minister, Shehbaz Sharif, in a visit to Quetta, the capital of Baluchistan province, cited neglect of the region as a cause of violence, and promised to “raise the issue of forced disappearances with powerful quarters.” | 政府以改善各种条件作为回应。4月23日，新总理夏巴兹·谢里夫在访问俾路支省首府奎达时，称对该地区的忽视是导致暴力的原因之一，并承诺“向有关部门提出强迫失踪问题”。 |
| Pakistan’s military leadership has broadened its public interactions in Baluchistan, trying to present a friendlier face, particularly in Makran. After the February attacks, the army chief, Gen. Qamar Javed Bajwa, and other military leaders visited Baluchistan to meet political leaders and university students, and asked the local administration to open the border to trade. He also encouraged the youth to join law enforcement agencies. | 巴基斯坦军方领导层扩大了在俾路支省的公众互动，试图展现出更友好的一面，尤其是在马克兰地区。在2月的袭击事件发生后，陆军参谋长卡马尔·贾韦德·巴杰瓦和其他军方领导人访问了俾路支省，与政治领导人和大学生会面，并要求当地政府开放边境贸易。他还鼓励年轻人加入执法机构。 |
| “For the first time, local leaders expressed their grievances and anger openly to the military’s leadership,” said a local political leader who attended the meeting with General Bajwa in Turbat in March. He requested anonymity to speak freely. “But without a political solution to bring an end to the long-running conflict, the insurgency will remain a challenge for Islamabad.” | “地方领导人第一次向军方领导层公开表达了他们的不满和愤怒，”一名参加了3月份在图尔巴特与巴杰瓦将军会面的地方政治领导人说。他要求匿名，以便畅所欲言。“但是，如果没有政治解决方案来结束长期冲突，叛乱仍将是伊斯兰堡所面临的挑战。” |
| Less than two months after General Bajwa’s visit, Ms. Baluch carried out her suicide attack. | 巴杰瓦将军访问后不到两个月，俾路支女士实施了自杀式袭击。 |
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