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| When Karen Shainyan opened his Facebook page one recent day, it was overflowing with messages reading “Congratulations!”, as if it were his birthday. There were also expressions of sympathy. |
| 不久前的一天，当卡伦·沙欣扬打开自己的Facebook页面，发现上面全都是“恭喜！”的消息，仿佛在为他庆生。还有人向他表达了同情。 |
| It took Mr. Shainyan, a Russian gay rights advocate and a journalist, a moment to digest the mixed messages: The Kremlin had just labeled him a “foreign agent” — a designation that many opposition figures take as validation of their work, but one that significantly complicates their lives. |
| 作为俄罗斯同性恋权利倡导者和记者，沙欣扬花了点时间才消化了这些矛盾的信息：原来，克里姆林宫刚刚给他打上了“外国代理人”的标签——许多反对派人士都认为这是对他们工作的肯定，但同时这也让他们的生活变得复杂起来。 |
| The government uses the label to ostracize and diminish opposition figures and organizations — tantamount to branding them enemies of the state. More than 400 people or organizations have been designated foreign agents since the label first started at the end of 2020, with new names now announced virtually every Friday. There is no prior warning or explanation from the government. |
| 政府用这个标签来排挤、打压反对派人士和组织，相当于给他们打上国家公敌的标记。自2020年底俄罗斯首次启用此标签以来，已有400多个个人或组织被定性为外国代理人，现在每到周五都有新名单公布。政府不会给予任何事先警告或解释。 |
| Analysts and opposition figures say the designation is a way of ratcheting up the repression that is contributing to the surge in exiles. |
| 分析人士与反对派人士表示，这种定性是一种加大镇压力度的方式，正是这种镇压导致俄罗斯流亡海外的人数激增。 |
| Mr. Shainyan was, by his own reckoning, in good company. The seven other people on the foreign agents list that week included a prominent political scientist; a journalist with a wildly popular interview program; and a well-known cartoonist who consistently skewered President Vladimir V. Putin. |
| 根据沙欣扬自己的推测，与他处境相似的人应该有很多。就在那一周，外国代理人名单上的另外七人还包括一位知名政治学者；一档高人气采访栏目的记者；还有一位经常讽刺普京总统的知名漫画家。 |
| Some of those designated, like Mr. Shainyan, had already departed Russia, with the label seemingly meant to coerce them into staying away. “They want to squeeze the active people — not to kill them or to put them in jail — but to squeeze them out, across the border,” he said in a telephone interview from Berlin, where he had landed after fleeing Russia last month. |
| 一些上了名单的人——比如沙欣扬——已经离开了俄罗斯，这个标签的意义似乎就在于迫使他们远离祖国。“他们想要挤压活动人士的生存空间，不是杀害他们或是将他们关进监狱，而是将他们挤出国境，”他在柏林接受电话采访时说，上个月他从俄罗斯逃到那里。 |
| Those being pushed out joined an exodus of tens of thousands of Russians who have fled the country since the invasion of Ukraine on Feb. 24, a flood of talented, highly educated Russians who have decided that they would prefer exile to living in an authoritarian state. |
| 这些被赶走的人加入了自2月24日俄罗斯入侵乌克兰之后成千上万逃出国的俄罗斯人大军，这一大批人术业有专攻、受过高等教育，他们决定宁可去流亡，也不愿生活在威权统治下。 |
| The exiles include many people not directly involved in politics — technology specialists, entrepreneurs, designers, actors and financiers — countless professionals either directly engaged with the global economy or who just wanted to feel connected to the wider world. |
| 流亡者里还有许多与政治并无直接关联的人，包括技术专家、企业家、设计师、演员和金融从业者，这些数不胜数的专业人士要么直接参与全球经济，要么只是想感受与更广阔世界的联系。 |
| Tough economic sanctions and a sweeping withdrawal of Western firms from Russia are gradually strangling those opportunities. |
| 严厉的经济制裁和西方企业从俄罗斯全面撤离，逐渐扼杀了这些机会。 |
| “Russia is losing a lot of great people,” said Serob Khachatryan, 39, who had started a cryptocurrency business in Moscow right before the invasion and is now in Armenia, working with other IT professionals to find ways to both help Ukrainians and to undermine Mr. Putin. “It is going to end up being just the army with nuclear weapons and the oil and gas. That is what Putin wants. I think Russia needs more than that.” |
| “俄罗斯正在失去大量优秀人才，”39岁的谢罗布·哈恰特良说，入侵乌克兰发生前，他刚在莫斯科开始从事加密货币业务，如今他身在亚美尼亚，与其他信息技术专业人士一起寻找既能帮助乌克兰人又能削弱普京统治的办法。“最后剩下的只有拥有核武器的军队，石油和天然气。这就是普京想要的。我认为俄罗斯需要的不止于此。” |
| Among those designated a foreign agent along with Mr. Shainyan was Ekaterina Schulmann, a political science professor at the Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences, a rare private university and one with a reputation for being a liberal bastion. “Anyone can be on that list, so why not me?” she said. “This looks very much like an attempt to drive people out.” |
| 与沙欣扬一起上了外国代理人名单的，还有莫斯科社会与经济科学学院的政治学教授叶卡捷琳娜·舒尔曼，该学院是俄罗斯少有的私立大学，有自由主义堡垒的盛名。“谁都有可能上名单，所以，怎么就不能是我呢？”她说。“这看起来就像要把人赶走一样。” |
| Ms. Schulmann said in an interview that she had anticipated ending up on the list. Police investigators had recently demanded more information about her ties to the university. Six people connected to it have already been detained, including three charged with embezzling public funds, in a case that many consider politically motivated. |
| 舒尔曼在一次采访中说，她知道自己肯定会上名单。最近，警方调查人员在搜集有关她与该大学关系的更多信息。与该大学相关的六人已被拘留，其中三人被控挪用公款，许多人认为此案件有政治动机。 |
| In addition, Ms. Schulmann, the host of a YouTube political talk show with nearly one million subscribers, had described the invasion as watching a “catastrophe” unfold. |
| 而且，作为拥有近百万订阅者的YouTube政治脱口秀主持人，舒尔曼还曾将这次入侵形容为目睹一场“灾难”的展开。 |
| Leaflets featuring her face and the wording “She Supports Ukrainian Nazis” were hung at one of her former residences. Ms. Schulmann had announced on her show just days before she was labeled a foreign agent that she was in Berlin under a yearlong fellowship at the Robert Bosch Academy. |
| 她以前的住所被贴了传单，上面印有她的面孔以及“她支持乌克兰纳粹”的字样。就在被标记为外国代理人的前几天，舒尔曼才在节目上宣布，她获得了罗伯特·博世学院的一年奖学金，目前已经来到柏林。 |
| “Shortly it will be impossible to work as a professional in my field in Russia,” she said. She suggested that the length of the war will determine whether the political situation improves. “If it does not, you will probably see that the public sphere in Russia will be largely cleaned, purged of its liberal, humanistic elements.” |
| “我很快就不可能在俄罗斯从事我所在专业领域的工作了，”她说。她认为，战争的持续时间将决定政治局势是否会改善。“如果没有改善，你们可能会看到俄罗斯整个公共领域基本被清洗干净，自由主义和人道主义的元素被彻底清除。” |
| The Kremlin has long encouraged its critics to leave, and Mr. Putin made his scorn for dissenters amply clear in March, saying in a nationally televised speech that he considered those who identified with Western values “scum and traitors.” He threatened to remove them from society, while his spokesman, Dmitri S. Peskov, said the “cleansing” would happen spontaneously as disloyal people moved abroad. |
| 一直以来，克里姆林宫都在劝说批评人士离开，今年3月，普京对异见人士进行了再明确不过的批判，他在一次全国电视讲话中表示，他相信，那些认同西方价值观的人都是“人渣和叛徒”。他威胁要将这些人驱逐出社会，而他的发言人德米特里·佩斯科夫表示，随着不忠者都离开国内，“清洗”自然会发生。 |
| The law on foreign agents linked the designation to receiving funds from outside Russia, but the term has historically been associated with spies and infiltrators. The most recent additions to the list of foreign agents have been heavily weighted toward journalists and gay rights activists. But the circle of people targeted in recent months has widened to include any stripe of critic. |
| 外国代理人的相关法律将这种定性与接受俄罗斯境外资金联系在一起，但这个词历来都有间谍和渗透势力的意思。最近增加的外国代理人名单主要都是记者和同性恋权利活动人士。但近来几个月，名单范围已经扩大到任何类型的批评人士。 |
| Ms. Schulmann once served on the presidential Human Rights Council. Alexei Venediktov mingled at receptions with all manner of Kremlin advisers for many years when he was the editor in chief of the Echo of Moscow radio station, a favorite of the liberal intelligentsia that was closed in February. A hugely popular rapper, known by his stage name, Face, was the first musician to be designated. |
| 舒尔曼曾任职于总统人权理事会。今年2月，自由派知识分子最喜爱的电台之一莫斯科回声电台停止运营，阿列克谢·韦涅季克托夫在担任该电台总编辑的多年时间里，曾与克里姆林宫各种各样的顾问打过交道。艺名为“Face”的人气说唱歌手成为了第一位上名单的音乐人。 |
| Those designated must put the label prominently on all their work — stigmatizing them — and file frequent, and onerous, financial disclosure forms. |
| 上了名单的人必须在他们所有作品的显眼位置放上这个标签——使其蒙羞——并需要频繁提交复杂的财务披露表格。 |
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