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| Marked by grandiose speeches, a colossal parade and a show of military might on Red Square, Russia’s Victory Day on May 9, a holiday celebrating the Soviet Union’s vanquishing of Nazi Germany, has taken on particular resonance this year with Russia mired in a war in Ukraine. |
| 每年5月9日的胜利日庆祝活动都有宏大的演讲、盛大的游行以及红场上的军力展示。这个为纪念苏联战胜纳粹德国而设立的节日，在俄罗斯陷入乌克兰战争泥潭的今年，具有特别的凡响。 |
| The holiday will take place as Russian state television broadcasts bellicose messages about supposed Nazis in Ukraine, and as the Kremlin leads a stumbling, grinding offensive that has cost thousands of Russians and Ukrainians their lives. |
| 节日到来之际，俄罗斯国家电视台正在对乌克兰所谓的“纳粹”播放好战信息，克里姆林宫正在领导一场进展缓慢、已导致数以千计的俄罗斯人和乌克兰人丧生的进攻。 |
| Because Russia’s invasion has failed to produce much in the way of victories, some analysts fear that President Vladimir V. Putin will use the occasion to turn what he has called a “special military operation” into an all-out war, and to mobilize Russians for a more broad-ranging conflict. The Kremlin, for its part, denied on Wednesday that it would declare war. |
| 由于俄罗斯的入侵难言胜利，一些分析人士担心，总统普京将利用这个场合，把他所谓的“特别军事行动”变成一场全面战争，并动员俄罗斯人为更广泛的冲突做准备。克里姆林宫已在周三否认将对乌克兰宣战。 |
| Here’s a look at the significance the holiday has taken during Mr. Putin’s two decades in power. |
| 让我们来看看在普京执政的20年里，这个节日具有的重要意义。 |
| Why does Victory Day matter so much this year? |
| 为什么今年的胜利日如此重要？ |
| In years past, Mr. Putin has used May 9 — a near-sacred holiday for Russians to remember the 27 million Soviets who died in World War II — to mobilize the nation for the possibility of a new battle ahead. When he addressed the nation from his rostrum at Red Square on May 9 last year, he warned that Russia’s enemies were deploying once again “much of the ideology of the Nazis.” |
| 5月9日对俄罗斯人来说是一个近乎神圣的日子，用来纪念在第二次世界大战中死去的2700万苏联人。在过去的几年里，普京一直利用这个日子动员全国人民，为未来新战争的可能性做准备。去年5月9日，他在红场的观礼台上向全国发表讲话时警告，俄罗斯的敌人正在再次动用“纳粹意识形态的许多部分”。 |
| Now, Russian state media is referring to Ukrainians who have resisted the Russian invasion as “Nazis,” and portraying the fight as the unfinished business of World War II. It seems almost certain that Mr. Putin will use his May 9 speech next week to invoke the heroism of Soviet soldiers in World War II to try to inspire Russians to make new sacrifices. The narratives Mr. Putin has been spinning to justify his war in Ukraine are very much in line with the grand, nostalgic narratives of Victory Day. |
| 现在，俄罗斯官媒将抵抗俄罗斯入侵的乌克兰人称为“纳粹”，把俄乌战争描述为第二次世界大战的未竟事业。几乎可以肯定的是，普京将在他5月9日的讲话中提到“二战”中苏联士兵的英勇，并试图以此来激励俄罗斯人做出新的牺牲。普京一直在为他入侵乌克兰辩护，故意按照胜利日宏大、怀旧的叙事来描述这场战争。 |
| Analysts who follow Russia closely, however, say it is far from certain that Mr. Putin will declare an official state of war and announce mass mobilization, which could entail a military draft and a prohibition on Russian men of military age being allowed to leave the country. |
| 但那些密切观察俄罗斯的分析人士说，目前还远不能确定普京是否会宣布正式进入战争状态，并宣布进行大规模动员，那将需要征兵，同时禁止服兵役年龄的俄罗斯男性离境。（本文英文版发布于胜利日阅兵前，普京在当日讲话中言辞激烈但并未升级立场，他继续将乌克兰人诽谤为“纳粹”，赞扬了俄罗斯军队，但也承认了战争的代价。——编注） |
| Although a shared respect for the sacrifices of World War II remains a unifying force in Russia, a new draft or travel restrictions could provoke a blowback. Russian forces have suffered heavy losses in Ukraine — Western officials estimate that more than 7,000 Russian soldiers have been killed — and some families of service members have questioned the official silence about the scope of casualties. |
| 尽管对第二次世界大战牺牲的共同尊重仍是让俄罗斯团结起来的力量，但新的征兵或旅行限制可能会引发反弹。俄罗斯军队在乌克兰损失惨重，西方官员估计已有7000多名俄罗斯士兵丧生，一些军属已对官方缄口不提伤亡情况提出了质疑。 |
| What happens on Victory Day? |
| 胜利日有哪些活动？ |
| Victory Day military parades in major Russian cities are followed by marches of ordinary citizens carrying pictures of relatives who fought in the war. Hundreds of thousands, if not millions, take part in “Immortal Regiment” marches honoring the soldiers and civilians who fought and died in the war. On Red Square, the event also features a display of historical military weapons, modern tanks and missile systems and other expressions of Russian military grandeur. |
| 俄罗斯的主要城市都将举行胜利日阅兵式，随后是举着参加“二战”亲人照片的普通市民的游行。每年，即使没有百万，也是数十万人参加“不朽团”游行，纪念“二战”中作战和死亡的士兵和平民。红场上还有展示历史上的军事武器、现代的坦克和导弹系统，以及其他显示俄罗斯军队气势的活动。 |
| Over more than two decades, Mr. Putin has helped transform Victory Day into the most important holiday of the year, a joyous, nostalgic ritual that buttresses national pride and unifies a sometimes divided society. |
| 20多年来，普京帮助把胜利日变成了一年中最重要的节日，用欢乐和怀旧的仪式来巩固民族自豪感，将一个有时分裂的社会团结起来。 |
| Two years ago, the event was overshadowed by the coronavirus pandemic. A grand party scheduled in Moscow was canceled. Billboards promoted patriotic concerts, plays and songfests that were ultimately called off. A flyby over the city by warplanes and military helicopters took place, but Moscow’s mayor told residents not to go out to watch it. |
| 两年前，新冠病毒大流行给胜利日纪念活动蒙上了阴影。原计划在莫斯科举行的盛大集会被取消。广告牌上宣传的爱国音乐会、戏剧和歌曲节最终也被取消。虽然战斗机和军用直升机在莫斯科上空进行了飞行，但莫斯科市长告诉民众不要出门观看。 |
| Still, state television scrolled the names of the Russian dead while orange trucks sent to spray the streets with disinfectant and water were emblazoned with stickers declaring “Victory.” Copies of the red banner that was raised above the Reichstag in Berlin in 1945 also flew on Moscow’s streets. |
| 尽管如此，国家电视台仍滚动播放了俄罗斯“二战”死者的名字，被派到街上喷洒消毒剂和水的橙色卡车都贴上了印有“胜利”字样的贴纸。莫斯科街头也飘扬着1945年在柏林国会大厦上升起的红旗的复制品。 |
| In recent years, the parade on Victory Day — once attended by dignitaries from China, Germany and the United States, among others — has also reflected Russia’s growing isolation, with many foreign leaders staying away. Mr. Putin’s spokesman said last week that no foreign leaders had been invited to this year’s event, the 77th anniversary of the victory. |
| 近年来的胜利日阅兵式也反映出俄罗斯的日益孤立，这些阅兵式曾有来自中国、德国和美国等国的政要参加，但许多外国领导人不再前来。普京的发言人上周说，没有邀请外国领导人参加今年的“二战”胜利77周年纪念活动。 |
| And the event itself became a point of tension between Ukraine and Russia in 2015, when Ukraine’s president designated May 8 the national holiday, in line with much of Europe. |
| 2015年的胜利日本身就曾在乌克兰与俄罗斯之间制造了紧张。那年，乌克兰总统把5月8日定为国家节日，让胜利日与欧洲大部分国家的一致。 |
| How and why has Mr. Putin tied Russia’s victory over the Nazis to his Ukraine offensive? |
| 普京如何以及为什么把俄罗斯战胜纳粹的战争与他入侵乌克兰联系起来？ |
| Mr. Putin has variously called Ukraine’s government “openly neo-Nazi,” “pro-Nazi” and controlled by “little Nazis.” Announcing Russia’s “special military operation” in Ukraine, he said its goals included the “demilitarization and denazification” of the country. |
| 普京曾多次用“公开的新纳粹”、“亲纳粹”、由“小纳粹”控制来描述乌克兰的政府。他在宣布俄罗斯对乌克兰的“特别军事行动”时说，俄罗斯的目标包括将乌克兰“非军事化和非纳粹化”。 |
| The language of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has been dominated by the word “Nazi” — a bizarre contention about a country whose president, Volodymyr Zelensky, is Jewish, and last fall signed a law combating antisemitism. Mr. Putin has applied the word regularly to the country’s present-day government in recent months, though he has long referred to Ukraine’s pro-Western revolution of 2014 as a fascist coup. |
| 俄罗斯在入侵乌克兰上使用的语言一直充斥着“纳粹”一词，把“纳粹”用在这个国家上极其怪诞，乌克兰总统泽连斯基是犹太人，他在去年秋天签署了一项与反犹太主义作斗争的法律。虽然普京一直把乌克兰2014年发生的亲西方革命称为法西斯政变，但经常用“纳粹”一词来描述乌克兰现政府是近几个月的事情。 |
| The “Nazi” slur’s sudden emergence shows how Mr. Putin is trying to use stereotypes, distorted reality and his country’s lingering World War II trauma to justify his invasion of Ukraine. The Kremlin is casting the war as a continuation of Russia’s fight against evil in what is known in the country as the Great Patriotic War. He appears to be counting on lingering Russian pride in the victory over Nazi Germany to carry over into support for the war in Ukraine. |
| “纳粹”这个诋毁用法的突然出现表明，普京正在试图用刻板印象、扭曲现实，以及俄罗斯挥之不去的“二战”创伤为他入侵乌克兰辩护。根据克里姆林宫的说法，俄乌战争是在俄罗斯被称为“伟大卫国战争”中与邪恶战斗的延续。他似乎在指望俄罗斯人残留的战胜纳粹德国的自豪感转化为对入侵乌克兰的支持。 |
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