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| Marina Dubrova, an English teacher on the Russian island of Sakhalin in the Pacific, showed an uplifting YouTube video to her eighth-grade class last month in which children, in Russian and Ukrainian, sing about a “world without war.” |
| 玛丽娜·杜布洛娃是俄罗斯属太平洋岛屿萨哈林岛上的一名英语教师，上个月她给八年级的学生播放了一段振奋人心的YouTube视频，其中孩子们用俄语和乌克兰语唱着“没有战争的世界”。 |
| After she played it, a group of girls stayed behind during recess and quizzed her on her views. |
| 视频放完后，一群女生在课间休息时留下来询问她的看法。 |
| “Ukraine is a separate country, a separate one,” Ms. Dubrova, 57, told them. |
| “乌克兰是一个独立的国家，一个独立的国家，”57岁的杜布洛娃告诉他们。 |
| “No longer,” one of the girls shot back. |
| “已经不是了，”一个女孩反驳说。 |
| A few days later, the police came to her school in the port town of Korsakov. In court, she heard a recording of that conversation, apparently made by one of the students. The judge handed down a $400 fine for “publicly discrediting” Russia’s Armed Forces. The school fired her, she said, for “amoral behavior.” |
| 几天后，警察来到了她所在港口城市科萨科夫的学校。在法庭上，她听到了那段对话的录音，显然是其中一名学生录的。法官以“公开诋毁”俄罗斯武装部队的罪名对她处以400美元的罚款。她说，学校因“不道德行为”解雇了她。 |
| “It’s as though they’ve all plunged into some kind of madness,” Ms. Dubrova said in a phone interview, reflecting on the pro-war mood around her. |
| “好像他们都陷入了某种疯狂，”在接受电话采访时，杜布洛娃思考着她周围支持战争的情绪说。 |
| With President Vladimir V. Putin’s direct encouragement, Russians who support the war against Ukraine are starting to turn on the enemy within. |
| 在俄罗斯总统普京的直接鼓励下，支持乌克兰战争的俄罗斯人开始把矛头指向内部敌人。 |
| The episodes are not yet a mass phenomenon, but they illustrate the building paranoia and polarization in Russian society. Citizens are denouncing one another in an eerie echo of Stalin’s terror, spurred on by vicious official rhetoric from the state and enabled by far-reaching new laws that criminalize dissent. |
| 这些事件还不是一种大众现象，但它们说明了俄罗斯社会正在形成的偏执和两极分化。在政府恶毒官方辞令的刺激下，在将不同政见者定罪、波及面极广的新法律推动下，公民们正在可怕的斯大林式恐怖回响之间相互谴责。 |
| There are reports of students turning in teachers and people telling on their neighbors and even the diners at the next table. In a mall in western Moscow, it was the “no to war” text displayed in a computer repair store and reported by a passer-by that got the store’s owner, Marat Grachev, detained by the police. In St. Petersburg, a local news outlet documented the furor over suspected pro-Western sympathies at the public library; it erupted after a library official mistook the image of a Soviet scholar on a poster for that of Mark Twain. |
| 有报道称学生举报老师，还有人告发邻居，甚至是邻桌的用餐者。在莫斯科西部一个购物中心，一名过路人举报了一家电脑修理店里显示的“反对战争”字样，导致店主马拉·格拉切夫被警方拘捕。在圣彼得堡，当地的一家新闻媒体记录了公共图书馆因涉嫌亲西方而引发的愤怒；一名图书馆官员把海报上一位苏联学者的照片误认为马克·吐温的照片，引发了这场愤怒。 |
| In the western region of Kaliningrad, the authorities sent residents text messages urging them to provide phone numbers and email addresses of “provocateurs” in connection with the “special operation” in Ukraine, Russian newspapers reported; they can do so conveniently through a specialized account in the Telegram messaging app. A nationalist political party launched a website urging Russians to report “pests” in the elite. |
| 据俄罗斯报纸报道，在西部地区加里宁格勒，当局向居民发送短信，敦促他们提供与乌克兰“特别行动”有关的“煽动者”的电话号码和电子邮件地址；他们可以通过即时通讯应用Telegram中的一个专门帐户方便地这样做。一个民族主义政党推出了一个网站，敦促俄罗斯人举报精英中的“害虫”。 |
| “I am absolutely sure that a cleansing will begin,” Dmitri Kuznetsov, the member of Parliament behind the website, said in an interview, predicting that the process would accelerate after the “active phase” of the war ended. He then clarified: “We don’t want anyone to be shot, and we don’t even want people to go to prison.” |
| “我绝对相信，一场清洗即将开始，”该网站的幕后负责人、议会议员德米特里·库兹涅佐夫在接受采访时说。他预测，在战争的“活跃阶段”结束后，清洗进程将会加快。然后他澄清说：“我们不希望任何人被枪杀，我们甚至不希望人们进监狱。” |
| But it is the history of mass execution and political imprisonment in the Soviet era, and the denunciation of fellow citizens encouraged by the state, that now looms over Russia’s deepening climate of repression. Mr. Putin set the tone in a speech on March 16, declaring that Russian society needed a “self-purification” in which people would “distinguish true patriots from scum and traitors and simply spit them out like a fly that accidentally flew into their mouths.” |
| 但是，苏联时代大规模处决和政治监禁的历史，以及在国家鼓励下对同胞的谴责，如今笼罩在俄罗斯日益加深的镇压气氛之上。普京在3月16日的一次讲话中定下了基调，宣称俄罗斯社会需要一次“自我净化”，让人们“把真正的爱国者与人渣和叛徒区分开来，把他们像不小心飞进嘴里的苍蝇一样吐出来”。 |
| In the Soviet logic, those who choose not to report their fellow citizens could be viewed as being suspect themselves. |
| 按照苏联的逻辑，选择不举报同胞的人自己也会被视为可疑分子。 |
| “In these conditions, fear is settling into people again,” said Nikita Petrov, a leading scholar of the Soviet secret police. “And that fear dictates that you report.” |
| “在这种情况下，恐惧再次降临到人们身上，”研究苏联秘密警察的知名学者尼基塔·佩特罗夫说。“这种恐惧决定了你必须去举报。” |
| In March, Mr. Putin signed a law that punishes public statements contradicting the government line on what the Kremlin terms its “special military operation” in Ukraine with as much as 15 years in prison. It was a harsh but necessary measure, the Kremlin said, given the West’s “information war” against Russia. |
| 今年3月，普京签署了一项法律，规定发表与政府关于克里姆林宫在乌克兰“特别军事行动”路线相抵触的公开声明者，将被处以高达15年的监禁。克里姆林宫表示，考虑到西方对俄罗斯的“信息战”，这是一项严厉但必要的措施。 |
| Prosecutors have already used the law against more than 400 people, according to the OVD-Info rights group, including a man who held up a piece of paper with eight asterisks on it. “No to war” in Russian has eight letters. |
| 据人权组织OVD-Info称，检察官已经对400多人使用了这项法律，其中包括一名男子，他举着一张上面有8个星号的纸——“反对战争”在俄语里有8个字母。 |
| “This is some kind of enormous joke that we, to our misfortune, are living in,” Aleksandra Bayeva, the head of OVD-Info’s legal department, said of the absurdity of some of the war-related prosecutions. She said she had seen a sharp rise in the frequency of people reporting on their fellow citizens. |
| OVD-Info的法律部门主管亚历山德拉·巴耶娃在谈到一些战争相关的荒诞起诉时说，“不幸的是，我们生活在这样一个巨大的笑话里。”她说，她看到人们举报自己同胞的数量急剧上升。 |
| “Repressions are not just done by the hands of the state authorities,” she said. “They are also done by the hands of regular citizens.” |
| “镇压不仅是由国家当局的手完成的，”她说。“它们也由普通公民的手完成。” |
| In most cases, the punishments related to war criticism have been limited to fines; for the more than 15,000 antiwar protesters arrested since the invasion began on Feb. 24, fines are the most common penalty, though some were sentenced to as many as 30 days in jail, Ms. Bayeva said. But some people are being threatened with longer prison terms. |
| 巴耶娃说，在大多数情况下，与战争批评有关的惩罚仅限于罚款；对自2月24日入侵开始以来被捕的逾1.5万名反战抗议者来说，罚款是最常见的惩罚，不过有些人被判处多达30天的监禁。然而有些人正面临更长刑期的威胁。 |
| In the western city of Penza, another English teacher, Irina Gen, arrived in class one day and found a giant “Z” scrawled on the chalkboard. The Russian government has been promoting the letter as a symbol of support for the war, after it was seen painted as an identifying marker on Russian military vehicles in Ukraine. |
| 在西部城市奔萨，另一位英语老师伊琳娜·根来到教室，发现黑板上潦草地写着一个巨大的“Z”。俄罗斯政府一直在宣传这个字母，将其作为支持战争的象征，因为它被涂在乌克兰境内的俄罗斯军车上，作为识别标志。。 |
| Ms. Gen told her students it looked like half a swastika. |
| 根告诉她的学生，它看起来像半个纳粹标志。 |
| Later, an eighth grader asked her why Russia was being banned from sports competitions in Europe. |
| 后来，一名八年级学生问她，为什么俄罗斯被禁止参加欧洲的体育比赛。 |
| “I think that’s the right thing to do,” Ms. Gen responded. “Until Russia starts behaving in a civilized manner, this will continue forever.” |
| “我认为这是正确的，”根回答说。“除非俄罗斯开始以文明的方式行事，否则这种情况将永远持续下去。” |
| “But we don’t know all the details,” a girl said, referring to the war. |
| “但我们不知道所有细节，”一个女孩说，她指的是战争。 |
| “That’s right, you don’t know anything at all,” Ms. Gen said. |
| “没错，你们什么都不知道，”根说。 |
| A recording of that exchange appeared on a popular account on Telegram that often posts inside information about criminal cases. The Federal Security Service, a successor agency to the K.G.B., called her in and warned her that her words blaming Russia for the bombing of a maternity hospital in Mariupol, Ukraine, last month were “100 percent a criminal case.” |
| 这段对话的录音出现在Telegram上一个热门帐户上，该帐户经常发布刑事案件的内幕信息。克格勃的后继机构联邦安全局打电话给她，警告她说，她就上月乌克兰马里乌波尔一家妇产医院被炸一事指责俄罗斯的言论是“百分之百的刑事案件”。 |
| She is now being investigated for causing “grave consequences” under last month’s censorship law, punishable by 10 to 15 years in prison. |
| 根据上个月的新闻审查法，她目前正因造成“严重后果”而接受调查，可被判处10至15年监禁。 |
| Ms. Gen, 45, said she found little support among her students or from her school, and quit her job this month. When she talked in class about her opposition to the war, she said she felt “hatred” toward her radiating from some of her students. |
| 45岁的根说，学生和学校对她的支持很少，于是在本月辞职。当她在课堂上说起她反对战争时，她说她感到一些学生对她表现出“仇恨”。 |
| “My point of view did not resonate in the hearts and minds of basically anyone,” she said in an interview. |
| “我的观点基本上没有引起任何人的共鸣，”她在接受采访时说。 |
| But others who have been the targets of denunciation by fellow citizens drew more hopeful lessons from the experience. On Sakhalin Island, after local news outlets reported on Ms. Dubrova’s case, one of her former students raised $150 in a day for her, before Ms. Dubrova told her to stop and said she would pay the fine herself. On Friday, Ms. Dubrova handed the money over to a local dog shelter. |
| 但其他成为同胞谴责对象的人从这样的经历中看到的更多是希望。在库页岛，当地新闻媒体报道了杜布洛娃的案件后，她以前的一个学生一天之内为她筹集了150美元，杜布洛娃阻止了她，说她会自己支付罚款。周五，杜布洛娃把这笔钱交给了当地的一家流浪狗收容所。 |
| In Moscow, Mr. Grachev, the computer repair store owner, said he found it remarkable that not one of his hundreds of customers threatened to turn him in for the “no to war” text that he prominently displayed on a screen behind the counter for several weeks after the invasion. After all, he noted, he was forced to double the price of some services because of Western sanctions, surely angering some of his customers. Instead, many thanked him. |
| 在莫斯科，电脑维修店的老板格拉切夫说，入侵后的几个星期里，他在柜台后面的屏幕上显著地打出了“反对战争”字样，他觉得很不可思议的是，他的数百名顾客中没有一个人威胁要举报他。毕竟，他指出，由于西方的制裁，他被迫将一些服务的价格提高了一倍，这肯定会激怒他的一些客户。相反，许多人对他表示感谢。 |
| The man who apparently turned in Mr. Grachev was a passer-by he refers to as a “grandpa” who, he said, twice warned his employees in late March that they were violating the law. Mr. Grachev, 35, said he believed the man was convinced he was doing his civic duty by reporting the store to the police, and most likely did not have access to information beyond state propaganda. |
| 告发格拉切夫的显然是一个过路人，他说那个人是个“老爷爷”。他说，这名男子曾在3月底两次警告他的员工，说他们违反了法律。35岁的格拉切夫说，他认为这名男子认为自己向警方举报这家商店是在履行公民义务，而且很可能没有机会获得国家宣传以外的信息。 |
| Mr. Grachev was fined 100,000 rubles, more than $1,200. A Moscow politician wrote about the case on social media, including Mr. Grachev’s bank details for anyone who wanted to help. Enough money to cover the fine arrived within two hours, Mr. Grachev said. |
| 格拉切夫被罚款10万卢布，约合1200美元以上。一名莫斯科政界人士在社交媒体上发表了有关此案的文章，并将格拉切夫的详细银行信息提供给任何愿意提供帮助的人。格拉切夫说，他在两小时内就收到了足以支付罚款的钱。 |
| He received 250,000 rubles in total, he said, from about 250 separate donations, and he plans to donate the surplus to OVD-Info, which provided him with legal aid. |
| 他说，他总共收到了25万卢布，来自大约250笔单独的捐款，他计划把多余的钱捐给OVD-Info，该机构为他提供了法律援助。 |
| “In practice, we see that not everything is so bad,” he said in an interview. |
| “现实中，并非所有的事都那么糟糕，”他在接受采访时说。 |
| Mr. Grachev is now pondering how to replace his “no to war” sign. He is considering: “There was a sign here for which a 100,000 ruble fine was imposed.” |
| 格拉切夫正在考虑用什么来代替原本的“反对战争”标志。他考虑换成：“这里曾经有一个标志，为此被罚款10万卢布。” |
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