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| Before Russia invaded Ukraine, the Russian journalist Farida Rustamova used the Telegram chat app for one purpose: messaging friends. |
| 在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰之前，聊天应用Telegram对于俄罗斯记者法里达·鲁斯塔莫娃来说，用途只有一个：给朋友发消息。 |
| But as the authorities shut down media outlets that strayed from the official line, including the publications she wrote for, she started posting her articles on Telegram. Her feed there — where she has written about the consolidation of Russia’s elites around President Vladimir V. Putin and the reaction among employees of state-run media to an on-air protest — has already garnered more than 22,000 subscribers. |
| 但随着当局关闭了偏离官方路线的媒体，包括她为之撰稿的出版物，她开始在Telegram上发布文章。她的文章包括聚集在普京身边的俄罗斯精英阶层和官方媒体员工对直播时发生的一起抗议行为的反应，目前她已经获得了2.2万多名订阅者。 |
| “This is one of the few channels that are left where you can receive information,” she said in a call over Telegram. |
| “这是为数不多的能接收信息的渠道之一，”她通过Telegram接受电话采访时说。 |
| As Russia has silenced independent news media and banned social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, Telegram has become the largest remaining outlet for unrestricted information. Since the war started, it has been the most downloaded app in Russia, with about 4.4 million downloads, according to Sensor Tower, an analytics firm. (There have been 124 million downloads of Telegram in Russia since January 2014, according to Sensor Tower.) |
| 随着俄罗斯压制独立新闻媒体，并禁止Twitter、Facebook和Instagram等社交媒体平台，Telegram已经成为还存在的最大的收发不受限信息的渠道。“感应塔”数据分析公司的数据显示，自战争爆发以来，它一直是俄罗斯下载量最大的应用程序，下载量约为440万次。（“感应塔”的数据显示，自2014年1月以来，Telegram在俄罗斯的下载量已达1.24亿次。） |
| “Telegram is the only place in Russia where people can exchange opinions and information freely, although the Kremlin has worked hard to infiltrate Telegram channels,” said Ilya Shepelin, who used to cover the media for the now-shuttered independent TV channel Rain and has established a blog critical of the war. |
| “在俄罗斯，Telegram是唯一一个人们可以自由交换意见和信息的地方，尽管克里姆林宫一直在努力渗透Telegram频道，”曾为独立电视频道Rain做媒体报道的伊利亚·谢佩林说，目前他建立了一个批评战争的博客。 |
| After the independent radio station Echo of Moscow was shut down last month, its deputy editor in chief, Tatiana Felgengauer, said, her Telegram audience doubled. And after the Russian authorities blocked access to the popular Russia news site Meduza in early March, its Telegram subscriptions doubled, reaching nearly 1.2 million. |
| 独立广播电台“莫斯科回声”副总编塔蒂亚娜·费尔根高尔说，上个月该电台被关闭后，她的Telegram受众增加了一倍。3月初，俄罗斯当局屏蔽了俄罗斯热门新闻网站Meduza，该网站的Telegram订阅量翻了一番，达到近120万。 |
| “I get my news there,” said Dmitri Ivanov, who studies computer science at a university in Moscow. He said that he relied on Telegram to view “the same media outlets I trust and the ones whose sites I would read before.” |
| “我在那里获取新闻，”在莫斯科一所大学学习计算机科学的德米特里·伊万诺夫说。他表示，自己依靠Telegram浏览“我信任的媒体，以及我以前会浏览的网站”。 |
| Opponents of the war use the platform for everything from organizing antiwar protests to sharing media reports from the West. In March, The New York Times launched its own Telegram channel to ensure that readers in the region “can continue to access an accurate account of world events,” the company said in a statement. |
| 反战者利用这个平台进行各种活动，从组织反战抗议到分享来自西方的媒体报道。今年3月，《纽约时报》推出了自己的Telegram频道，该报在声明中表示，该频道确保俄罗斯的读者“能够继续获得国际事件的准确报道”。 |
| But the freedom that has allowed the unfettered exchange of news and opinion has also made Telegram a haven for disinformation, far-right propaganda and hate speech. |
| 但是，允许不受限制地交换新闻和观点的自由，也使Telegram成为虚假信息、极右宣传和仇恨言论的天堂。 |
| Propagandists have their own popular channels — Vladimir Solovyov, the host of a prime time talk show that is a font of anti-Ukraine vitriol every weeknight, has more than 1 million subscribers. Channels in support of Russia’s war, many of them run by unidentified users, proliferate. |
| 政府宣传者也有自己受欢迎的频道——弗拉基米尔·索洛维约夫主持的黄金时段脱口秀节目拥有100多万订阅者，每个工作日晚上都会发布大量反乌克兰的尖刻言论。支持俄罗斯战争的频道越来越多，其中许多是由身份不明的用户运营的。 |
| State-run media outlets, like Tass and RIA News, also distribute their reports via Telegram. |
| 塔斯社和俄新社等官方媒体也通过Telegram发布报道。 |
| Telegram has also opened the door to critics of President Vladimir V. Putin from the right, hard-liners exhorting the Kremlin to do more. |
| Telegram还为批评普京总统的右翼强硬派敞开大门，这些人敦促克里姆林宫采取更多行动。 |
| Yuri Podolyaka, a military analyst who tends to parrot the government line when he appears on Russia’s popular, state-run Channel One, takes a markedly different approach in the videos he posts to Telegram. |
| 军事分析人士尤里·波多里亚卡在俄罗斯广受欢迎的官方电视台第一频道上露面时，总是鹦鹉学舌式地重复政府的说法，但他在Telegram上发布的视频中则采取截然不同的方式。 |
| The pro-Russian allies in southeastern Ukraine are not getting sufficient equipment, he says. The Russian government is too slow to establish occupation administrations in the cities it has taken. And refugees from Ukraine are asking in vain for the payments of about $120 promised by Mr. Putin. |
| 他说，乌克兰东南部的亲俄盟友没有得到足够的装备。俄罗斯政府在占领的城市建立占领行政机构方面行动太慢。来自乌克兰的难民要求得到普京承诺的约120美元的付款，但没有得到回应。 |
| “This is not just a war that’s happening on the front lines, this is a war for people’s minds,” he admonished in a video posted Saturday for his more than 1.6 million followers. |
| “这不仅仅是一场发生在前线的战争，这是一场争夺人们思想的战争，”他在周六发布的一段视频中警告自己的160多万粉丝。 |
| Igor I. Strelkov, a Russian army veteran and former defense minister of the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic, has attracted more than 250,000 followers to his Telegram channel by analyzing problems in how the war is being fought, providing a reality check to government propaganda about how perfectly the war is going. |
| 俄罗斯退伍军人、所谓的顿涅茨克人民共和国的前国防部长伊戈尔·斯特列尔科夫在Telegram上分析战争推进过程中存在的问题，检验政府关于战争顺利进行的宣传是否真实，这为他的频道吸引了超过25万名粉丝。 |
| “I doubt that, after losing the golden first month of the war, our forces will manage to surround and destroy the Ukrainian force in the Donbas,” he said in a video clip posted this week, conceding that some might consider his views treason. “Unfortunately, I see the Ukrainian military command acting an order of magnitude more competently than the Russian one.” |
| 他在本周发布的一段视频中表示，“我怀疑，在失去了战争的黄金第一个月之后，我们的部队能否包围并摧毁顿巴斯的乌克兰军队。”他承认，有些人可能会认为他的观点是叛国。“不幸的是，我认为乌克兰的军事指挥能力比俄罗斯高出一个数量级。” |
| Indeed the word “war,” legally banned in Russia with regard to Ukraine, crops up frequently on Telegram amid the more personal and partisan views by both supporters and opponents. |
| 事实上，在俄罗斯，“战争”一词从法律上来说禁止被用来描述对乌克兰的行动，而在Telegram上，在支持者和反对者的个人和党派观点中，“战争”一词频繁出现。 |
| One of the most vocal government cheerleaders is Ramzan Kadyrov, the pugnacious leader of Chechnya, whose Telegram channel has mushroomed to nearly two million followers from about 300,000 before the war. |
| 车臣好斗的领导人拉姆赞·卡德罗夫是声音最响亮的政府支持者之一，他Telegram频道的粉丝已从战前的30万左右迅速增长到近200万。 |
| He publishes frequent videos of his troops laying siege to Mariupol, often displaying dubious military methods like standing fully upright in an open window while firing a machine gun toward an invisible enemy. |
| 他经常发布他的军队围攻马里乌波尔的视频，经常展示可疑的军事手段，比如笔挺地站在打开的窗前，用机关枪向看不见的敌人射击。 |
| Mr. Kadyrov was roundly mocked as a “TikTok Warrior” online after one picture from a series meant to depict his own field trip to Ukraine showed him praying in the gas station of a brand that only exists in Russia. |
| 卡德罗夫在网上被人嘲笑为“TikTok战士”，因为在一个描述他赴乌克兰实地考察的系列照片中，有一张照片显示他在一个加油站里祈祷，而那个加油站品牌只在俄罗斯才有。 |
| Why doesn’t the Kremlin simply ban Telegram, as it has so many other independent news sources? It did, or tried to, in 2018, after the company defied government orders to allow Russian security services access to user data. |
| 克林姆林宫为什么不干脆禁止Telegram呢，就像它对其他许多独立新闻来源所做的那样？2018年，在该公司违抗政府要求允许俄罗斯安全部门访问用户数据的命令之后，政府确实禁止了它，或者说试图禁止它。 |
| But the government lacked the technical means to block access to the app, and it stayed mostly available for Russian users. By 2020, the government lifted its ban, saying that Telegram had agreed to several conditions, including stepped-up efforts to block terrorism and extremist content. |
| 但政府缺乏阻止人们使用该应用程序的技术手段，大多数俄罗斯用户仍然可以用它。到2020年，政府解除了禁令，称Telegram已同意多项条件，包括加大力度阻止恐怖主义和极端主义内容。 |
| Rather than stifling Telegram, the Kremlin tries to control the narrative there, not just through its own channels but by paying for posts, said Mr. Shepelin, the media analyst. The number of subscribers to official or hard-line channels dwarfs the audience for opponents. |
| 媒体分析师谢佩林说，克里姆林宫并没有扼杀Telegram，而是试图控制上面的言论，不仅通过自己的频道，还通过付费内容的方式。官方或强硬派频道的订阅者数量远远多于反对派频道。 |
| Pavel Chikov, the head of the Agora Human Rights Group, who has represented Telegram in Russia as a lawyer, said the company may have maintained its Russian operations so far because the authorities find it useful to spread the idea that they have certain ties with Telegram and its founder, Pavel V. Durov, “whether it’s true or not.” |
| 人权组织阿戈拉的负责人帕维尔·奇科夫曾是Telegram在俄罗斯的律师，他表示，该公司迄今为止之所以还能保住在俄罗斯的业务，是因为当局认为传播他们与Telegram及其创始人帕维尔·杜罗夫有一定联系的说法很有用，“不管它是真是假。” |
| Mr. Chikov said he does not believe that Telegram provides any sensitive information about communications to the Russian government or others because if it did, he said, “people all over the world would stop using it.” |
| 奇科夫说，他不相信Telegram向俄罗斯政府或其他人提供任何通讯中的敏感信息，因为如果他们这样做了，他说，“全世界的人们就不会再用它了。” |
| But security researchers have raised alarms about how exposed Telegram users may be. Messages, videos, voice notes and photos exchanged through the app do not have end-to-end encryption by default and are stored on the company’s servers. That makes them vulnerable to hacking, government demands or a snooping rogue employee, said Matthew D. Green, an expert on privacy technologies and an associate professor at Johns Hopkins University. |
| 但是安全研究人员已经对Telegram用户的暴露程度提出了警告。通过该应用程序交换的消息、视频、语音笔记和照片在默认情况下没有进行端到端加密，并且存储在公司的服务器上。隐私技术专家、约翰霍普金斯大学副教授马修·格林表示，这使人们容易受制于黑客攻击、政府索取或流氓员工的窥探。 |
| “A service like that is an incredibly juicy target for intelligence agencies, both Russian agencies and others,” said Mr. Green. |
| “对于情报机构来说——包括俄罗斯的情报机构和其他国家的情报机构，将这种服务作为目标的好处多到令人难以置信，”格林说。 |
| Telegram has said the data stored on its servers is encrypted and that protection of user privacy is a top priority. But Mr. Green and other experts say that Telegram’s approach makes communications through the app less secure compared to other messaging services like Signal. |
| Telegram表示，存储在其服务器上的数据是加密的，保护用户隐私是重中之重。但格林和其他专家表示，与Signal等消息服务相比，Telegram的通信服务没有那么安全。 |
| Kevin Rothrock, the managing editor of the English-language version of Meduza, said he was worried about how easy it is for someone with sinister intentions to glean private information through Telegram. |
| 英文版Meduza的执行编辑凯文·罗斯洛克表示，心怀不轨的人可以轻易通过Telegram收集私人信息，这令他担心。 |
| “You can see who’s commenting, who’s in the group chats, people’s phone numbers,” he said. “There’s a rich database.” |
| “你可以看到谁在评论，谁在群里，人们的电话号码，”他说。“这是一个丰富的数据库。” |
| Telegram did not respond to requests for comment about its policies and security. |
| Telegram没有回应对其政策和安全性的置评请求。 |
| The company is run by Mr. Durov, a Russian émigré who co-founded it with his brother, Nikolai, in 2013, and now operates out of Dubai. |
| 该公司由杜罗夫经营，他是一位俄罗斯移民，与哥哥尼古拉于2013年共同创立了该公司，公司现在在迪拜。 |
| The brothers had created one of Russia’s most popular social network sites, but Pavel sold his share in 2013 and fled the country after refusing to give the government the private data of anti-Russia protesters in Ukraine. (It is not known whether Nikolai also sold his share or where he lives.) |
| 兄弟俩创建了俄罗斯最受欢迎的社交网站之一，但帕维尔在拒绝向政府提供乌克兰反俄抗议者的私人数据后，于2013年出售了他的股份并逃离了俄罗斯。（不知道尼古拉是否也出售了他的股份，也不知道他目前住在哪里。） |
| Mr. Durov has said little about the war publicly. In early March, he took to Telegram to remind followers why he left Russia. He also pointed out that his mother had Ukrainian roots and that he had many relatives in Ukraine, making the conflict “personal” for him. |
| 杜罗夫很少公开谈论这场战争。3月初，他在Telegram上提醒关注他的人自己当初为何离开俄罗斯。他还指出，他的母亲有乌克兰血统，而且他在乌克兰有很多亲戚，这使得这场冲突对他来说是有“个人影响的”。 |
| At the beginning of the war, he said that the app would consider suspending all services in Russia and Ukraine to avoid a flood of unverified information. An outcry followed and within hours, Mr. Durov walked back the plan. |
| 战争开始时，他表示该应用程序将考虑暂停俄罗斯和乌克兰的所有服务，以避免未经核实的信息泛滥。这立刻引起了强烈抗议，几个小时后，杜罗夫撤回了计划。 |
| Perhaps one of the greatest risks for Russians relying on Telegram for independent journalism is that the company’s actions appear to mostly be in the hands of one man. |
| 对于依靠Telegram进行独立新闻报道的俄罗斯人来说，最大的风险之一可能是该公司的行动似乎主要掌握在一个人手中。 |
| “The key question is whether you trust Pavel Durov or not,” said Mr. Chikov, the rights lawyer. |
| “关键问题是你是否信任帕维尔·杜罗夫，”维权律师奇科夫说。 |
| “We’re all hoping Telegram plays nice with us,” Mr. Rothrock said. “That’s a lot of eggs in one basket.” |
| “我们都希望Telegram能妥善对待我们，”罗斯洛克说。“这相当于把许多鸡蛋放在一个篮子里。” |
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