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| The death of former Secretary of State Colin Powell on Monday from complications of Covid-19 has provided fuel for vaccine skeptics and opponents, who immediately seized on the news that Mr. Powell had been vaccinated to stoke doubts about the effectiveness of the vaccines. |
| 美国前国务卿科林·鲍威尔(Colin Powell)周一因新冠并发症去世，这为疫苗怀疑论者和反对者提供了燃料，他们立即抓住鲍威尔曾接种疫苗的消息，煽动对疫苗有效性的怀疑。 |
| But Mr. Powell’s immune system had quite likely been weakened by multiple myeloma, a cancer of white blood cells. Both the disease and the treatment can make people more susceptible to infections. |
| 但鲍威尔的免疫系统很可能已经被多发性骨髓瘤（一种白细胞癌）削弱。这种疾病及其治疗都可能使人更易受感染。 |
| His age, 84, may also have increased his risk, scientists said. |
| 科学家说，84岁的高龄可能也增加了他的患病风险。 |
| Mr. Powell received his second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in February, said Peggy Cifrino, his longtime aide. He was scheduled for a booster last week but fell ill before he received it, she said. Mr. Powell had also undergone treatment for early stage Parkinson’s disease, she said. |
| 鲍威尔的长期助手佩吉·奇弗里诺(Peggy Cifrino)说，鲍威尔今年2月接受了瑞辉-BioNTech的第二剂疫苗。她说，他原定上周注射加强针，但在接受注射之前就生病了。她说，鲍威尔还接受了早期帕金森病的治疗。 |
| Although Mr. Powell’s death is a high-profile tragedy, scientists emphasized that it should not undermine confidence in the Covid-19 vaccines, which drastically reduce the odds of severe disease and death. |
| 尽管鲍威尔的死亡是一场引人注目的悲剧，但科学家们强调，这不应削弱人们对新冠疫苗的信心，因为新冠疫苗大大降低了重症和死亡的几率。 |
| “Nothing is 100 percent effective,” said Dr. Paul A. Offit, the director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. “The point of getting a vaccine is that you want to know that the benefits clearly and definitively outweigh the risks. And we know that for this vaccine.” |
| “没有什么是100%有效的，”费城儿童医院疫苗教育中心(Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia)主任保罗·A·奥菲特(Paul A. Offit)博士说。“接种疫苗的意义在于，你需要清楚地知道，好处肯定大于风险。我们知道这种疫苗也是如此。” |
| The vaccines are highly effective, even against the more contagious Delta variant, which is now responsible for nearly all coronavirus infections in the United States. People who are fully vaccinated are roughly one-tenth as likely to be hospitalized and even less likely to die from Covid-19 than those who are unvaccinated, according to a recent study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. |
| 这些疫苗非常有效，即使是针对更具传染性的德尔塔毒株，它现在几乎是美国所有新冠病毒感染的罪魁。美国疾病控制与预防中心最近的一项研究显示，与未接种疫苗者相比，完全接种者住院的可能性约为十分之一，死于新冠病毒的可能性甚至更低。 |
| A New York Times analysis of data from 40 states found that fully vaccinated people have accounted for 0.2 to 6 percent of Covid-19 deaths. |
| 《纽约时报》分析了来自40个州的数据，发现完全接种疫苗者占因新冠病毒死亡人数的0.2%至6%。 |
| Among the more than 187 million Americans who have been fully vaccinated, there have been 7,178 deaths, according to the C.D.C. Eighty-five percent of those deaths have been in people 65 or older. |
| 根据美国疾控中心的数据，在超过1.87亿已经完全接种疫苗的美国人中，有7178人死亡，其中85%的人属于65岁或65岁以上年龄组。 |
| “Breakthrough deaths with vaccinated individuals do occur,” said Dr. Peter J. Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. “But there are certain groups that are at greater risk.” |
| “接种疫苗者当中确实出现了突破性死亡，”休斯敦的贝勒医学院国家热带医学院(National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine)院长彼得·J·霍特兹(Peter J. Hotez)博士说，“但某些群体的风险更大。” |
| Since the beginning of the pandemic, it has been clear that older adults are the most likely to develop severe Covid-19. They also have less robust immune systems in general and mount a weaker immune response to the vaccines. |
| 自疫情开始以来，很明显，老年人最有可能发展为重症。一般来说，他们的免疫系统较弱，对疫苗的免疫反应也较弱。 |
| In one recent study, which has not yet been reviewed by experts, researchers found that residents of Canadian long-term care homes, who had a median age of 88, produced levels of neutralizing antibodies roughly five- to sixfold lower after vaccination than did staff members, who had a median age of 47. |
| 在最近的一篇论文中（尚未经过专家评审），研究人员发现，加拿大长期护理院中的居住者（中位年龄为88岁）在接种疫苗后产生的中和抗体水平比工作人员（中位年龄为47岁）大约低五至六倍。 |
| “This puts them at risk for not only getting infected by Covid but also having severe consequences,” said Anne-Claude Gingras, a senior investigator at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto and the lead author of the study. |
| “这使他们不仅面临感染新冠病毒的风险，还会产生严重后果，”多伦多的西奈山医院卢嫩菲尔德—塔南鲍姆研究所(Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital)高级研究员、该论文主要作者安妮—克劳德·金格拉斯(Anne-Claude Gingras)说。 |
| Mr. Powell had undergone treatment for multiple myeloma, a cancer of plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell. Plasma cells make antibodies and thus play a critical role in the immune system. |
| 鲍威尔曾接受过多发性骨髓瘤的治疗，这是一种浆细胞癌，浆细胞是白细胞的一种，会制造抗体，因此在免疫系统中起着关键作用。 |
| Both the disease and the treatment — which may include chemotherapy, immunotherapy and steroids — can leave patients more vulnerable to infections. |
| 这种疾病和治疗——可能包括化疗、免疫治疗和类固醇治疗——都可能使患者更易受感染。 |
| “Colin was undergoing treatment for multiple myeloma but seemed to be responding well,” Kathy Giusti, who founded the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation and met Mr. Powell when he spoke at a foundation event, said in a statement. “Immunosuppression is a well-known side effect of cancer treatment and a reminder that as patients, we are at high risk, especially if also over 65 years of age.” |
| “科林当时正在接受多发性骨髓瘤治疗，但治疗效果似乎不错，”多发性骨髓瘤研究基金会(Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation)创始人凯西·朱斯蒂(Kathy Giusti)在声明中说。“免疫抑制是癌症治疗众所周知的副作用，它提醒我们，作为患者，我们处于高风险之中，特别是年龄超过65岁的话。” |
| Vaccines are also likely to be less effective in people with multiple myeloma. |
| 疫苗对多发性骨髓瘤患者也可能效果不佳。 |
| “The treatments we’re using are indiscriminately knocking off both the malignant and the normal immune cells,” said Dr. James R. Berenson, the medical and scientific director of the Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research in West Hollywood, Calif. |
| “我们使用的治疗方法是不加区分地去除恶性细胞和正常的免疫细胞，”加州西好莱坞骨髓瘤和骨癌研究所(Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research)的医学和科学主任詹姆斯·R·贝伦森(James R. Berenson)博士说。 |
| That puts patients “at double risk for getting no response to a vaccination and also not responding as well once they get the disease,” he added. |
| 这使患者“面临双重风险，可能对疫苗没有反应，而且一旦患病可能反应也不佳”，他补充道。 |
| In a study published in July, Dr. Berenson and his colleagues found that just 45 percent of those with active multiple myeloma “developed an adequate response” after receiving the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines. |
| 在7月发表的一篇研究论文中，贝伦森和同事们发现，在接受辉瑞-BioNTech疫苗或莫德纳(Moderna)疫苗后，只有45%的活动性多发性骨髓瘤患者“产生了足够的反应”。 |
| People who received the Pfizer vaccine had lower antibody levels than Moderna recipients, on average, the researchers found. Older patients and those who were not yet in complete remission also had lower antibody levels. |
| 研究人员发现，平均而言，接受辉瑞-BioNTech疫苗疫苗的人的抗体水平低于接受莫德纳疫苗的人。老年患者和尚未完全缓解的患者抗体水平也较低。 |
| It is unclear what kind of treatment Mr. Powell received for his multiple myeloma or whether he was in full remission. But even patients who are in remission may have compromised immune systems, Dr. Berenson said. |
| 目前还不清楚鲍威尔的多发性骨髓瘤接受了何种治疗，也不清楚他是否处于完全缓解状态。但贝伦森说，即使是处于缓解期的患者也可能有免疫系统受损。 |
| “They usually — not in all cases, but usually — maintain an immune-suppressed state even if they’ve had a good response to their treatment,” Dr. Berenson said. “Their antibody levels in most cases don’t go back up to normal.” |
| “他们通常——不是所有情况，但通常——保持免疫抑制状态，即使他们对治疗有良好的反应，”贝伦森说。“大多数情况下，他们的抗体水平不会恢复到正常水平。” |
| In a new study, scheduled to appear on Monday in the journal Cancer Cell, researchers report that some people with multiple myeloma also have weak T cell responses after vaccination. T cells can help reduce the severity of disease in people who contract the virus. |
| 在一项将于周一发表在《癌细胞》(Cancer Cell)杂志上的新研究中，研究人员报告说，一些多发性骨髓瘤患者在接种疫苗后，T细胞反应也很弱。T细胞可以帮助感染病毒者减轻疾病严重程度。 |
| The study included 44 people with multiple myeloma who were at least two weeks past their second Pfizer or Moderna shot. Seventeen of those people produced no detectable antibodies against the virus after vaccination. These patients had significantly fewer helper T cells, which activate other parts of the immune response, to the virus compared with multiple myeloma patients who had produced antibodies after vaccination. |
| 该研究包括44名第二次接种辉瑞或莫德纳至少两周的多发性骨髓瘤患者。其中17人在接种疫苗后没有产生可检测到的抗体。与在接种疫苗后产生抗体的多发性骨髓瘤患者相比，这些患者的辅助T细胞对病毒的作用明显减少，辅助T细胞可以激活免疫反应的其他部分。 |
| The good news, said Dr. Samir Parekh, a hematologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York who led the research, is that research suggests that booster shots “are looking extremely promising” for people with multiple myeloma. |
| 领导这项研究的纽约西奈山医院伊坎医学院(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital)血液学家萨米尔·帕克(Samir Parekh)博士说，好消息是，研究表明，免疫加强针对多发性骨髓瘤患者“看起来非常有希望”。 |
| “Patients who haven’t received them should do that immediately,” he added. |
| 他还说：“没有注射加强针的患者应该立即注射加强针。” |
| The best way to protect older adults and others with compromised immune systems is for everyone else to be vaccinated, said Dr. Ashish K. Jha, dean of the Brown University School of Public Health. |
| 布朗大学公共卫生学院(Brown University School of Public Health)院长阿希什·K·杰哈(Ashish K. Jha)博士说，保护老年人和其他免疫系统受损的人的最好方法是让其他人都接种疫苗。 |
| “When there are large numbers of infections happening in the community, it spills over into vaccinated people,” he said. “And the vulnerable are really at risk.” |
| “当社区中发生大量感染时，它会波及接种过疫苗的人，”他说。“而弱势群体真的处于危险之中。” |
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